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Acute Nephritic Syndrome

Acute Nephritic Syndrome. Lawrence Mason MD PGY II NHRMC IM. Introduction. Acute nephritic syndromes classically present with the following: Hypertension Hematuria Red blood cell casts Pyuria Mild to moderate proteinuria. Introduction.

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Acute Nephritic Syndrome

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  1. Acute Nephritic Syndrome Lawrence Mason MD PGY II NHRMC IM

  2. Introduction Acute nephritic syndromes classically present with the following: • Hypertension • Hematuria • Red blood cell casts • Pyuria • Mild to moderate proteinuria

  3. Introduction Extensive inflammatory damage to glomeruli can cause a fall in GFR and eventually produce uremic symptoms with salt and water retention, leading to edema and hypertension.

  4. Acute Nephritic Syndromes Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Lupus Nephritis Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease IgA Nephropathy ANCA Small Vessel Vasculitis Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis Mesangioproliferative Glomerulonephritis

  5. PoststreptococcalGlomerulonephritis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is an immune-mediated disease involving: Streptococcal antigens Circulating immune complexes Activation of complement in association with cell-mediated injury.

  6. PoststreptococcalGlomerulonephritis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is prototypical for acute endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. Acute poststreptococcal GN • 90% of cases affect children between the ages of 2 and 14 years • 10% of cases are patients older than 40

  7. PoststreptococcalGlomerulonephritis The classic presentation is an acute nephritic picture with hematuria, pyuria, red blood cell casts, edema, hypertension, and oliguric renal failure, which may be severe enough to appear as RPGN. Systemic symptoms of headache, malaise, anorexia, and flank pain (due to swelling of the renal capsule) are reported in as many as 50% of cases.

  8. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis caused by impetigo and streptococcal pharyngitis: • Impetigo: 2–6 weeks after skin infection • Streptococcal pharyngitis: 1–3 weeks after infection

  9. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Treatment is supportive, with control of hypertension, edema, and dialysis as needed. Antibiotic treatment for streptococcal infection should be given to all patients and their cohabitants. There is no role for immunosuppressive therapy, even in the setting of crescents.

  10. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis Overall, the prognosis is good, with permanent renal failure being very uncommon (1–3%), and even less so in children. Complete resolution of the hematuria and proteinuria in children occurs within 3–6 weeks of the onset of nephritis.

  11. Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis The renal biopsy in poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis demonstrates: • Hypercellularity of mesangial and endothelial cells • Glomerular infiltrates of polymorphonuclear leukocytes • Granular subendothelial immune deposits of IgG, IgM, C3, C4, and C5-9 • Subepithelial deposits (which appear as "humps")

  12. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Endocarditis-associated glomerulonephritis is typically a complication of subacute bacterial endocarditis. Particularly in patients who: • Remain untreated for an extended period of time • Have negative blood cultures • Have right-sided endocarditis (IVDU)

  13. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Grossly, the kidneys in subacute bacterial endocarditis have subcapsular hemorrhages with a "flea-bitten" appearance. Microscopy on renal biopsy reveals a focal proliferation around foci of necrosis associated with abundant mesangial, subendothelial, and subepithelial immune deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3.

  14. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis The pathogenesis hinges on the renal deposition of circulating immune complexes in the kidney with complement activation.

  15. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Patients present with: • Gross hematuria • Microscopic hematuria • Pyuria • Mild proteinuria • RPGN with rapid loss of renal function (less common)

  16. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis Primary treatment is eradication of the infection with 4–6 weeks of antibiotics, and if accomplished expeditiously, the prognosis for renal recovery is good.

  17. Lupus Nephritis Lupus nephritis is a common and serious complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and most severe in African-American female adolescents.

  18. Lupus Nephritis Thirty to fifty percent of patients will have clinical manifestations of renal disease at the time of diagnosis. Sixty percent of adults and eighty percent of children develop renal abnormalities at some point in the course of their disease.

  19. Lupus Nephritis Lupus nephritis results from the deposition of circulating immune complexes: • Which activate the complement cascade • Leads to complement-mediated damage • Leukocyte infiltration • Activation of procoagulant factors • Release of various cytokines

  20. Lupus Nephritis The most common clinical sign of renal disease is proteinuria, but hematuria, hypertension, varying degrees of renal failure, and an active urine sediment with red blood cell casts can all be present.

  21. Lupus Nephritis Hypocomplementemia is common in patients with acute lupus nephritis (70–90%) and declining complement levels may herald a flare. Renal biopsy, however, is the only reliable method of identifying the morphologic variants of lupus nephritis.

  22. Lupus Nephritis Patients with crescents on biopsy may have a rapidly progressive decline in renal function. Without treatment, this aggressive lesion has the worst renal prognosis.

  23. Lupus Nephritis Treatment must combine high-dose steroids with either cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil. Current evidence suggests that inducing a remission with administration of steroids and either cyclophosphamide or mycophenolate mofetil for 2–6 months, followed by maintenance therapy with lower doses of the same

  24. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease Patients who develop autoantibodies directed against glomerular basement antigens frequently develop a glomerulonephritis termed antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease.

  25. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease When they present with lung hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis, they have a pulmonary-renal syndrome called Goodpasture's syndrome.

  26. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease Goodpasture's syndrome appears in two age groups: • Young men in their late 20s • Men and women in their 60–70s Disease in the younger age group is usually explosive: • Hemoptysis • Sudden fall in hemoglobin • Fever • Dyspnea • Hematuria

  27. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease The performance of an urgent kidney biopsy is important in suspected cases of Goodpasture's syndrome to confirm the diagnosis and assess prognosis. Renal biopsies typically show focal or segmental necrosis that later, with aggressive destruction of the capillaries by cellular proliferation, leads to crescent formation in Bowman's space

  28. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease The presence of anti-GBM antibodies and complement is recognized on biopsy by linear immunofluorescent staining for IgG (rarely IgA).

  29. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease Prognosis at presentation is worse if the following • >50% crescents on renal biopsy with advanced fibrosis • Serum creatinine is >5–6 mg/dL • Oliguria is present • Need for acute dialysis

  30. Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease Patients with advanced renal failure who present with hemoptysis should still be treated for their lung hemorrhage, as it responds to plasmapheresis and can be lifesaving. Treated patients with less severe disease typically respond to 8–10 treatments of plasmapheresis accompanied by oral prednisone and cyclophosphamide in the first 2 weeks.

  31. IgA Nephropathy IgA nephropathy is an immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis defined by the presence of diffuse mesangial IgA deposits often associated with mesangial hypercellularity.

  32. IgA Nephropathy IgA nephropathy is one of the most common forms of glomerulonephritis worldwide. There is a male preponderance, a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life, and rare familial clustering.

  33. IgA Nephropathy Deposits of IgA are also found in the glomerular mesangium in a variety of systemic diseases, including: • Chronic liver disease • Crohn's disease • Gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma • Chronic obstructive bronchiectasis • Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia • Dermatitis herpetiformis • Mycosis fungoides • Leprosy • Ankylosing spondylitis

  34. IgA Nephropathy The two most common presentations of IgA nephropathy are recurrent episodes of macroscopic hematuria during or immediately following an upper respiratory infection in children (Henoch-Schönlein purpura) or asymptomatic microscopic hematuria most often seen in adults.

  35. IgA Nephropathy Rarely, patients can present with acute renal failure and a rapidly progressive clinical picture. Risk factors for the loss of renal function include the presence of hypertension or proteinuria, the absence of episodes of macroscopic hematuria, male, older age of onset, and more severe changes on renal biopsy.

  36. IgA Nephropathy Studies of patients with IgA nephropathy support the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in patients with proteinuria or declining renal function.

  37. IgA Nephropathy When presenting as RPGN, patients typically receive: • Steroids • Cytotoxic agents • Plasmapheresis

  38. ANCA Small Vessel Vasculitis A group of patients with small-vessel vasculitis (arterioles, capillaries, and venules; rarely small arteries) and glomerulonephritis who have serum ANCA positivity. The antibodies are of two types: • Anti-proteinase 3 (PR3) • Anti-myeloperoxidase (MPO)

  39. ANCA Small Vessel Vasculitis Wegener's granulomatosis (PR3) Microscopic polyangiitis (MPO) Churg-Strauss syndrome (MPO) Belong to this group because they are ANCA-positive and have a pauci-immune glomerulonephritis with few immune complexes in small vessels and glomerular capillaries.

  40. ANCA Small Vessel Vasculitis Induction therapy usually includes some combination of plasmapheresis, methylprednisolone, and cyclophosphamide. The steroids are tapered soon after acute inflammation subsides, and patients are maintained on cyclophosphamide or azathioprine for up to a year to minimize the risk of relapse.

  41. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis MPGN is sometimes called mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis or lobar glomerulonephritis. It is an immune-mediated glomerulonephritis characterized by thickening of the GBM with mesangioproliferative changes; 70% of patients have hypocomplementemia.

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