Mainstreaming Food Safety in Food Security Programming: The Development Challenges

1. Mainstreaming Food Safety in Food Security Programming: The Development Challenges International Food Aid & Development Conference Kansas City, Missouri June 27-29, 2011 John E. Lamb Principal Associate Agriculture and Food Security 4550 Montgomery Ave, Suite 800 North Bethesda, MD 20814John_Lamb@abtassoc.com

2. You have already heard various key messages that I would like to echo… • Food/water safety (FWS) matters greatly to human health and welfare because its absence: (1) causes great economic. social and individual harm; (2) disrupts commerce and trade; and (3) weakens especially the competitive position of small producers and low income countries in the agri-food arena Abt Associates Inc.

3. You have already heard various key messages that I would like to echo… • Food/water safety (FWS) matters greatly to human health and welfare because its absence: (1) causes great economic. social and individual harm; (2) disrupts commerce and trade; and (3) weakens especially the competitive position of small producers and low income countries in the agri-food arena • The safety of food cannot be separated from the safety of water, because water is used in food preparation, and many food safety pathogens and other contaminants are borne by water Abt Associates Inc.

4. You have already heard various key messages that I would like to echo… • Food/water safety (FWS) matters greatly to human health and welfare because its absence: (1) causes great economic. social and individual harm; (2) disrupts commerce and trade; and (3) weakens especially the competitive position of small producers and low income countries in the agri-food arena • The safety of food cannot be separated from the safety of water, because water is used in food preparation, and many food safety pathogens and other contaminants are borne by water • FWS spans both the plant and animal kingdoms, indeed many of the most worrisome diseases derive from livestock species and if zoonotic, can pass to humans Abt Associates Inc.

5. You have already heard various key messages that I would like to echo… • Food/water safety (FWS) matters greatly to human health and welfare because its absence: (1) causes great economic. social and individual harm; (2) disrupts commerce and trade; and (3) weakens especially the competitive position of small producers and low income countries in the agri-food arena • The safety of food cannot be separated from the safety of water, because water is used in food preparation, and many food safety pathogens and other contaminants are borne by water • FWS spans both the plant and animal kingdoms, indeed many of the most worrisome diseases derive from livestock species and if zoonotic, can pass to humans • FWS is a critical and integral part of food security, and should be treated as such Abt Associates Inc.

6. …other key messages that you have already heard • The safety of food and water safety drives---and if compromised, can adversely affect---essential nutrition goals within the food security and human health fields Abt Associates Inc.

7. …other key messages that you have already heard • The safety of food and water safety drives---and if compromised, can adversely affect---essential nutrition goals within the food security and human health fields • Two key indicators of malnutrition—stunting and wasting—are linked to food quality and safety via poor diets, diarrhea, and gut health Abt Associates Inc.

8. …other key messages that you have already heard • The safety of food and water safety drives---and if compromised, can adversely affect---essential nutrition goals within the food security and human health fields • Two key indicators of malnutrition—stunting and wasting—are linked to food quality and safety via poor diets, diarrhea, and gut health • Microbial pathogens (especially fecal-oral) and toxins (especially mycotoxins) are particularly harmful to vulnerable populations Abt Associates Inc.

9. …other key messages that you have already heard • The safety of food and water safety drives---and if compromised, can adversely affect---essential nutrition goals within the food security and human health fields • Two key indicators of malnutrition—stunting and wasting—are linked to food quality and safety via poor diets, diarrhea, and gut health • Microbial pathogens (especially fecal-oral) and toxins (especially mycotoxins) are particularly harmful to vulnerable populations • FWS matters greatly to vulnerable populations, which include the immuno-compromised, the aged, the poor and ultra-poor, pregnant and lactating women, children under five in general, and the first 1,000 days of life especially Abt Associates Inc.

10. Additional key messages to convey here • Food/water safety is significantly under-represented and under-invested in food security policy and programming Abt Associates Inc.

11. Additional key messages to convey here • Food/water safety is significantly under-represented and under-invested in food security policy and programming • There are myriad identifiable factors that explain the underinvestment, and many can be overcome Abt Associates Inc.

12. Additional key messages to convey here • Food/water safety is significantly under-represented and under-invested in food security policy and programming • There are myriad identifiable factors that explain the underinvestment, and many can be overcome • An integrated approach to food security is needed, which would include more explicit recognition of FWS Abt Associates Inc.

13. Additional key messages to convey here • Food/water safety is significantly under-represented and under-invested in food security policy and programming • There are myriad identifiable factors that explain the underinvestment, and many can be overcome • An integrated approach to food security is needed, which would include more explicit recognition of FWS • FWS presents a systemic challenge—which the regulatory bodies and international agencies can best address—yet there are specific risks such as aflatoxin that warrant significant investment by donors, analogous to what the development community has long accepted for certain communicable diseases Abt Associates Inc.

14. Additional key messages to convey here • Food/water safety is significantly under-represented and under-invested in food security policy and programming • There are myriad identifiable factors that explain the underinvestment, and many can be overcome • An integrated approach to food security is needed, which would include more explicit recognition of FWS • FWS presents a systemic challenge—which the regulatory bodies and international agencies can best address—yet there are specific risks such as aflatoxin that warrant significant investment by donors, analogous to what the development community has long accepted for certain communicable diseases • FWS presents many opportunities for partnerships of all kinds Abt Associates Inc.

15. In considering how to better address FWS, one must start with the regulators and associated institutions 1a. National regulatory bodies: e.g. Food and Drug Administration, Food Safety and Inspection Service, Environmental Protection Agency, Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service 1b. Public standard setting bodies: Codex Alimentarius, World Animal Health Organization (OIE), International Plant Protection Consortium 1c. World Trade Organization: i.e. Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Measures Abt Associates Inc.

16. However, there are seven other categories of actors who engage in food safety-related activities • International public organizations: UN agencies (FAO, WHO, UNCTAD); international institutions (World Bank, IFAD, regional development banks; and the CGIAR centers (e.g. IFPRI, ILRI) • Multilateral organizations: European Union, APEC, etc Abt Associates Inc.

17. However, there are seven other categories of actors who engage in food safety-related activities • International public organizations: UN agencies (FAO, WHO, UNCTAD); international institutions (World Bank, IFAD, regional development banks; and the CGIAR centers (e.g. IFPRI, ILRI) • Multilateral organizations: European Union, APEC, etc • Bilateral DA agencies: USAID, USDA, DfID, GIZ, Danida, SIDA, etc • Private standard bodies and schemes: ISO, GFSI, Global Gap, etc Abt Associates Inc.

18. However, there are seven other categories of actors who engage in food safety-related activities • International public organizations: UN agencies (FAO, WHO, UNCTAD); international institutions (World Bank, IFAD, regional development banks; and the CGIAR centers (e.g. IFPRI, ILRI) • Multilateral organizations: European Union, APEC, etc • Bilateral DA agencies: USAID, USDA, DfID, GIZ, Danida, SIDA, etc • Private standard bodies and schemes: ISO, GFSI, Global Gap, etc • Private agri-food companies: all! • CSO’s: trade associations, advocacy groups, foundations, etc • Centers of excellence: e.g. JIFSAN, CAFT, UC Davis, KSU Abt Associates Inc.

19. What is the rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Food safety (and agricultural health) control systems in developing countries are often not up to best practice standards Abt Associates Inc.

20. What is the rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Food safety (and agricultural health) control systems in developing countries are often not up to best practice standards • This results in adverse impacts on human health and welfare, as well as economic and social progress, that interfere with higher level development objectives for food security and the MDGs generally Abt Associates Inc.

21. What is the rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Food safety (and agricultural health) control systems in developing countries are often not up to best practice standards • This results in adverse impacts on human health and welfare, as well as economic and social progress, that interfere with higher level development objectives for food security and the MDGs generally • Growth in trade, coupled with the evolution of long standing hazards and appearance of new ones, are outstripping the risk mitigation capacity of developing country food control systems (and even those of many developed countries) Abt Associates Inc.

22. What is the rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Food safety (and agricultural health) control systems in developing countries are often not up to best practice standards • This results in adverse impacts on human health and welfare, as well as economic and social progress, that interfere with higher level development objectives for food security and the MDGs generally • Growth in trade, coupled with the evolution of long standing hazards and appearance of new ones, are outstripping the risk mitigation capacity of developing country food control systems (and even those of many developed countries) • Regulators increasingly recognize that they cannot inspect their way to a safer food supply, need to get closer to source areas, and must collaborate with a whole host of international, public and private partners to make the world of food safer for consumers Abt Associates Inc.

23. What is rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Although the private sector has made tremendous progress in upgrading proprietary supply chains, there are millions of suppliers and handlers who remain outside the commercial chains Abt Associates Inc.

24. What is rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Although the private sector has made tremendous progress in upgrading proprietary supply chains, there are millions of suppliers and handlers who remain outside the commercial chains • There is a great disparity between expectations, incentives, and performance between modern supply chains that aim for export markets and traditional supply chains that deliver to domestic and regional markets Abt Associates Inc.

25. What is rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Although the private sector has made tremendous progress in upgrading proprietary supply chains, there are millions of suppliers and handlers who remain outside the commercial chains • There is a great disparity between expectations, incentives, and performance between modern supply chains that aim for export markets and traditional supply chains that deliver to domestic and regional markets • Upgrading requires developmental investment, and domestic especially funding is very scarce Abt Associates Inc.

26. What is rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Although the private sector has made tremendous progress in upgrading proprietary supply chains, there are millions of suppliers and handlers who remain outside the commercial chains • There is a great disparity between expectations, incentives, and performance between modern supply chains that aim for export markets and traditional supply chains that deliver to domestic and regional markets • Upgrading requires developmental investment, and domestic especially funding is very scarce • Host governments rarely approach this challenge pro-actively, have many other demands, and lack technical resources Abt Associates Inc.

27. What is rationale for the international development community to get more involved in food safety? • Although the private sector has made tremendous progress in upgrading proprietary supply chains, there are millions of suppliers and handlers who remain outside the commercial chains • There is a great disparity between expectations, incentives, and performance between modern supply chains that aim for export markets and traditional supply chains that deliver to domestic and regional markets • Upgrading requires developmental investment, and domestic especially funding is very scarce • Host governments rarely approach this challenge pro-actively, have many other demands, and lack technical resources • Development agencies get asked, and in fact can help Abt Associates Inc.

28. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic Abt Associates Inc.

29. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies Abt Associates Inc.

30. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies • Dispersion of mandates across agencies, coupled with stovepiping and ineffective interagency processes Abt Associates Inc.

31. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies • Dispersion of mandates across agencies, coupled with stovepiping and ineffective interagency processes • Competition for scarce resources, coupled with tendency to favor bricks and mortar (e.g. analytical labs) Abt Associates Inc.

32. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies • Dispersion of mandates across agencies, coupled with stovepiping and ineffective interagency processes • Competition for scarce resources, coupled with tendency to favor bricks and mortar (e.g. analytical labs) • Scarcity of appropriate models for intervention Abt Associates Inc.

33. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies • Dispersion of mandates across agencies, coupled with stovepiping and ineffective interagency processes • Competition for scarce resources, coupled with tendency to favor bricks and mortar (e.g. analytical labs) • Scarcity of appropriate models for intervention • Limited awareness by the general public Abt Associates Inc.

34. What stands in the way of greater involvement? • Sheer complexity and technical nature of the topic • Relative lack of good burden data and difficulty in risk assessment as well as economic analysis of alternative mitigation strategies • Dispersion of mandates across agencies, coupled with stovepiping and ineffective interagency processes • Competition for scarce resources, coupled with tendency to favor bricks and mortar (e.g. analytical labs) • Scarcity of appropriate models for intervention • Limited awareness by the general public • Lack of political will (until a food safety crisis occurs!) Abt Associates Inc.

35. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently • The regulators’ mandate to protect domestic consumers, which is not a top-of-mind concern for international aid agencies • The mission of aid agencies is to pursue economic and social progress (especially for the underserved, doing no harm to the rest) • Regulators are mainly concerned with mitigating risks (i.e. preventing negative outcomes), while aid agencies are mainly concerned with pursuing opportunities (i.e. fostering positive outcomes) • Except for risk prevention and incident management, regulators tend to emphasize the food safety control system, while development agencies are more driven by themes Abt Associates Inc.

36. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently Abt Associates Inc.

37. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently • The regulators’ mandate to protect domestic consumers, which is not a top-of-mind concern for international aid agencies Abt Associates Inc.

38. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently • The regulators’ mandate to protect domestic consumers, which is not a top-of-mind concern for international aid agencies • The mission of aid agencies is to pursue economic and social progress (especially for the underserved, doing no harm to the rest) Abt Associates Inc.

39. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently • The regulators’ mandate to protect domestic consumers, which is not a top-of-mind concern for international aid agencies • The mission of aid agencies is to pursue economic and social progress (especially for the underserved, doing no harm to the rest) • Regulators are mainly concerned with mitigating risks (i.e. preventing negative outcomes), while aid agencies are mainly concerned with pursuing opportunities (i.e. fostering positive outcomes) Abt Associates Inc.

40. Perspectives of international development community and the regulatory community are related yet distinct • Both strive to improve the public welfare, but view it differently • The regulators’ mandate to protect domestic consumers, which is not a top-of-mind concern for international aid agencies • The mission of aid agencies is to pursue economic and social progress (especially for the underserved, doing no harm to the rest) • Regulators are mainly concerned with mitigating risks (i.e. preventing negative outcomes), while aid agencies are mainly concerned with pursuing opportunities (i.e. fostering positive outcomes) • Except for risk prevention and incident management, regulators tend to emphasize the food safety control system, while development agencies are more driven by themes Abt Associates Inc.

41. There are also significant differences in approach • Host country priority-setting vs. home country • Degree of reliance on the social sciences and practical knowledge vs. biological science • Declining share of attention being paid to international trade by donors vs. regional and internal commerce Abt Associates Inc.

42. There are also significant differences in approach • Host country priority-setting vs. home country • Degree of reliance on the social sciences and practical knowledge vs. biological science • Declining share of attention being paid to international trade by donors vs. regional and internal commerce • Tendency to emphasize pursuit of economic opportunities more than response to hazards (i.e. value chain development vs. risk analysis) • Development agencies see food safety as part of a broader field of agri-food standards, which in turn is part of competitiveness, while regulatories remain focussed Abt Associates Inc.

43. However, there are seven other categories of actors who engage in food safety-related activities • International public organizations: UN agencies (FAO, WHO, UNCTAD); international institutions (World Bank, IFAD, regional development banks; and the CGIAR centers (e.g. IFPRI, ILRI) • Multilateral organizations: European Union, APEC, etc • Bilateral DA agencies: USAID, USDA, DfID, GIZ, Danida, SIDA, etc • Private standard bodies and schemes: ISO, GFSI, Global Gap, etc • Private agri-food companies: all! • CSO’s: trade associations, advocacy groups, foundations, etc • Centers of Excellence: domestic and international Diverse mix of public, private for profit and non-profit civil society organizations The various US agencies are few among many Interventions take four main forms: standards, advocacy, capacity-building, and financial support Abt Associates Inc.

44. Past involvement by development agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 1 (1960-1990): Establishment of basic public infrastructure with/in host country governments (ministries, centers of excellence) spanning labs, control points, policies, regulations, procedures for registration and inspection, standards, metrology, analytical capacity Abt Associates Inc.

45. Past involvement by development agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 1 (1960-1990): Establishment of basic public infrastructure with/in host country governments (ministries, centers of excellence) spanning labs, control points, policies, regulations, procedures for registration and inspection, standards, metrology, analytical capacity • Phase 2 (1985-2010): Working with private exporters/associations and host governments to assure compliance with: grades and standards; packaging and labeling requirements; pesticide registration, use and tolerances; micro-bacteriological contamination; use/presence of antibiotics, colorants, allergens; and registration requirements for food establishments, all with emphasis on high value products/markets Abt Associates Inc.

46. Past involvement by development agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 1 (1960-1990): Establishment of basic public infrastructure with/in host country governments (ministries, centers of excellence) spanning labs, control points, policies, regulations, procedures for registration and inspection, standards, metrology, analytical capacity • Phase 2 (1985-2010): Working with private exporters/associations and host governments to assure compliance with: grades and standards; packaging and labeling requirements; pesticide registration, use and tolerances; micro-bacteriological contamination; use/presence of antibiotics, colorants, allergens; and registration requirements for food establishments, all with emphasis on high value products/markets • Phase 3 (1990-2005): Support for public capacity building for trade integration, which included for regional and bilateral FTAs striving for harmonization, equivalence, or mutual recognition, as well as better border handling Abt Associates Inc.

47. Current involvement by international aid agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 4 (1995-present): Upgrading public sector capacity (monitoring, inspection, lab services, certification, participation in standard-setting, and notification) to meet disciplines accepted under WTO SPS Agreement (and in some cases EU accession) Abt Associates Inc.

48. Current involvement by international aid agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 4 (1995-present): Upgrading public sector capacity (monitoring, inspection, lab services, certification, participation in standard-setting, and notification) to meet disciplines accepted under WTO SPS Agreement (and in some cases EU accession) • Phase 5 (1995-present): Working with private producers, processors, and handlers, usually in groups along priority supply chains, to improve sourcing and logistics, install quality management systems, adopt/adapt GAP and GMP, and in general satisfy escalating private agri-food requirements by doing HACCP plans, obtaining certification, managing multiple audits, and dealing with rejections Abt Associates Inc.

49. Current involvement by international aid agencies in food safety capacity building in developing countries • Phase 4 (1995-present): Upgrading public sector capacity (monitoring, inspection, lab services, certification, participation in standard-setting, and notification) to meet disciplines accepted under WTO SPS Agreement (and in some cases EU accession) • Phase 5 (1995-present): Working with private producers, processors, and handlers, usually in groups along priority supply chains, to improve sourcing and logistics, install quality management systems, adopt/adapt GAP and GMP, and in general satisfy escalating private agri-food requirements by doing HACCP plans, obtaining certification, managing multiple audits, and dealing with rejections • Phase 6 (1990-present): Upgrading infrastructure and systems in both public and private sector to deal preemptively and in crisis with emerging diseases (especially Cyclosporacayetanensis, BSE, H5N1,H1N1, E. Coli O104: H4), and to manage outbreaks or incidents relating to recurrent pathogens such as Vibrio vulnificus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. Abt Associates Inc.

50. Examples of World Bank activity in food safety • Support for Global Public Partnerships (GPPs),e.g. WTO Standards and Trade Development Facility (STDF); observer in WTO deliberations and active player in workshops of SPS Committee; leading role in global response to HPAI (morphed into One World One Health); APEC FSCF • Support for Public Private Partnerships (PPP),e.g. “Trade Standards Practitioners Network” • Economic and Sector Work (ESW),e.g. “Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Countries” • Knowledge Products (KP),e.g. “Guide for Assessing and Responding to Needs for National Agri-food Laboratory Improvement” • Analytical and Advisory Assistance (AAA),e.g. Diagnostic Trade Integration Studies, SPS Capacity/Needs Assessments • Operational Lending e.g. $100 MM to Jilin Agricultural Product Quality and Safety Project in China Abt Associates Inc.