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Unit 6.10 – L1 Structure of the Internet

Explore the fundamentals of the Internet's architecture, from domain names to IP addresses to DNS systems. Learn how URLs function and the role of Internet registries. Dive into the physical and organizational structures of the Internet to grasp its global connectivity.

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Unit 6.10 – L1 Structure of the Internet

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  1. Unit 6.10 – L1 Structure of the Internet Objectives: • Understand the structure of the Internet • Describe the term ‘Uniform Resource Locator’ in the context of networking • Explain the terms ‘domain name’ and ‘IP address’ • Describe how domain names are organised • Understand the purpose and function of the Domain Name Server (DNS) system • Explain the service provided by Internet registries and why they are needed To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  2. A short history… The Internet is… A network of networks set up to allow computers to communicate with each other globally The World Wide Web is… A collection of web pages that reside on computers connected to the Internet The WWW uses the Internet as a service to communicate the information contained within these pages Question Give one example of where the Internet can be used without the World Wide Web. To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  3. Physical Structure of the Internet Each continent uses backbone cables connected by trans-continental leased lines fed across the sea beds. National Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect directly to this backbone and distribute the Internet connection to smaller providers who, in turn, provide access to individual homes and businesses. To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  4. Internet Registries and Registrars Internet Registrars Internet Registries Five global organisations governed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Worldwide databases that hold records of all the domain names currently issued and their details including: Registrant’s name Type (company or individual) Registered mailing address Registrar that sold the domain name Date of registry They allocate IP addresses and keep track of which address(es) a domain name is associated with as part of the Domain Name System (DNS). To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services. • Ensures a domain is only used by one organisation • Hold records and details of all existing websites • Details of domains available for purchase They are companies that act as resellers for domain names and allow people and companies to purchase them. All registrars must be accredited by their governing registry.

  5. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) A URL is… The full address for an Internet resource URLs: • Specify the location of a resource on the Internet, so a browser can request it from a server • Includes the name and (usually) file type Example http://www.domainname.com/folder/subfolder/webpage.html#element Method Host Location Resource To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  6. Domain Names and the Domain Name System (DNS) A domain name identifies the area or domain that an Internet resource resides in. These are structured into a hierarchy of smaller domains and written as a string separated by full stops as dictated by the rules of the Domain Name System (DNS). To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  7. Domain Names and the Domain Name System (DNS) Each domain name has one or more equivalent IP addresses. The DNS stores domain names/IP addresses in global directories that domain name servers can access to find the an IP address location for a resource. When a webpage is requested via URL, the browser requests the corresponding IP address from a local DNS. If that DNS does not have the correct IP address, the search is extended up the hierarchy to another larger DNS database. The IP address is located and a data request is sent by the user’s computer to that location to find the web page data. To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  8. Domain Names and the Domain Name Server (DNS) Example mail.websitename.co.uk Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) Website Domain Name Host Website Company 2LD Country TLD Question Why are IP addresses not used to access websites instead of alphanumeric addresses? To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  9. Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDN) IP Addresses A unique address assigned to a network device. Performs a similar function to a home mailing address. 130.142.37.108 Indicates where a packet of data is to be sent/has been sent from. Routers can use this address to direct the data packet. To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services. • Includes the host server name • E.g. www, mail, ftp • Written as: • www.websitename.co.uk • mail.websitename.co.uk • ftp.websitename.co.uk

  10. Tasks Classwork Complete: • PPT Tasks • Exercise Questions Homework Complete 6.10 L1 Homework Due Friday 26th April To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

  11. Plenary An example of a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is http://www.bbc.co.uk/history (a)     What part of the above URL constitutes the domain name? ___________________________________________________________________ (1) (b)     Using the URL, explain what each part can tell us. (i)      http___________________________________________________________ (ii)     www__________________________________________________________ (iii)    bbc___________________________________________________________ (iv)    co____________________________________________________________ (v)     uk____________________________________________________________ (vi)    history_________________________________________________________ (6) To explain the structure of the Internet, explain key terms of networking and describe the purposes of Internet services.

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