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1. H. 94. 21. 81. 93. 49. 91. 31. 90. 71. 39. 41. 70. 68. 2. 85. 10. 50. 80. 109. 46. 108. 97. 38. 98. 99. 78. 65. 66. 47. 22. 28. 58. 63. 59. 60. 107. 26. 64. 3. 67. 12. 103. 4. 102. 101. 88. 56. 24. 27. 20. 25. 86. 14. 23. 15. 35. 16. 17.

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  1. 1 H 94 21 81 93 49 91 31 90 71 39 41 70 68 2 85 10 50 80 109 46 108 97 38 98 99 78 65 66 47 22 28 58 63 59 60 107 26 64 3 67 12 103 4 102 101 88 56 24 27 20 25 86 14 23 15 35 16 17 82 9 84 54 52 34 8 6 83 51 29 33 7 30 106 5 32 105 18 36 37 89 57 19 72 74 11 75 76 77 104 55 44 42 87 41 79 48 43 13 45 Es Md No Sg F Ar Te Gd Dy Cf Th Pu Np Pa Lu Yb Er Ho Tb Cl Po Bk Rf Re La Eu Pb Tc N Mt Bi Hg O Se As Ac Sb Hs Nb Mo Ru Rh Ir Os W Bh Hf Db Nd Cs Ce Zn Y Cu Zr B P Ni Ca Pr Fr Sn Be Pt Ra Ge C Na Sr K Fe Si Ti Al Ba Ga Ag Ne Li Kr Xe Rn At Br V Lr Cd He Mg Sc Mn Co Cr Tl S Pd In Au Rb 53 I 73 Ta 62 61 69 Sm Pm Tm 96 100 92 95 Cm Fm U Am Select an element ( ) = Internet link Other Physical DATA

  2. Groups of Elements 1A 8A 1A 5A Nitrogen group Alkali metals H 1 2A 6A He 2 Alkaline earth metals Oxygen group 1 1 2A 7A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Halogens Transition metals 3A 8A Noble gases Boron group Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 2 4A Carbon group Hydrogen Inner transition metals Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 3 8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 * * 6 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 W W 7 7 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 * Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 W

  3. Periodic Table 8A Alkali metals 1A Alkaline earth metals He 2 H 1 Transition metals 1 1 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2A Boron group B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Li 3 Be 4 Nonmetals 2 2 Noble gases Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 3 3 8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 4 4 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 5 5 At 85 Rn 86 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 6 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 7 7 Lanthanoid Series La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 6 Solid C Actinoid Series Liquid Br 7 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 Gas H

  4. Dutch Periodic Table 118 117 116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

  5. How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs

  6. 1894-1918 Ancient Times H He Midd. -1700 1923-1961 1965- 1735-1843 1843-1886 Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Discovering the Periodic Table Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989

  7. Metalloids Metals and Nonmetals H 1 He 2 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Nonmetals 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 METALS Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 * 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 W 7 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

  8. hydrogen poor metals alkali metals nonmetals alkaline earth metals noble gases transition metals rare earth metals H 1 He 2 H 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 * 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 W 7 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 http://www.elementsdatabase.com/

  9. Uun 110 Uuu 111 Uub 112 Uuq 113 Uuh 116 Uuo 118 The Periodic Table Noble gases Alkaline earth metals Halogens 1 18 H 1 He 2 2 13 14 15 16 17 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 Transition metals K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Alkali metals Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 * Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Y Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 * Lanthanides La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 Y Actinides

  10. Orbitals Being Filled 1 8 Groups 2 1s 1 3 4 5 6 7 1s 2s 2 2p 3s 3p 3 4p 3d Periods 4s 4 4d 5p 5s 5 La 5d 6p 6 6s Ac 6d 7 7s 4f Lanthanide series 5f Actinide series Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry2002, page 345

  11. Electron Filling in Periodic Table s s p 1 2 d 3 4 5 * 6 W 7 f * W

  12. Electron Filling in Periodic Table metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases

  13. Periodic Table s s H 1 He 2 H 1 p 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 d 3 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 * * 6 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 W W 7 7 f La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 * Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 W

  14. Melting Points H -259.2 He -269.7 Mg 650 1 1 Symbol Melting point oC Li 180.5 Be 1283 B 2027 C 4100 N -210.1 O -218.8 F -219.6 Ne -248.6 2 2 > 3000 oC 2000 - 3000 oC Na 98 Mg 650 Al 660 Si 1423 P 44.2 S 119 Cl -101 Ar -189.6 3 3 K 63.2 Ca 850 Sc 1423 Ti 1677 V 1917 Cr 1900 Mn 1244 Fe 1539 Co 1495 Ni 1455 Cu 1083 Zn 420 Ga 29.78 Ge 960 As 817 Se 217.4 Br -7.2 Kr -157.2 4 4 Rb 38.8 Sr 770 Y 1500 Zr 1852 Nb 2487 Mo 2610 Tc 2127 Ru 2427 Rh 1966 Pd 1550 Ag 961 Cd 321 In 156.2 Sn 231.9 Sb 630.5 Te 450 I 113.6 Xe -111.9 5 5 Cs 28.6 Ba 710 La 920 Hf 2222 Ta 2997 W 3380 Re 3180 Os 2727 Ir 2454 Pt 1769 Au 1063 Hg -38.9 Tl 303.6 Pb 327.4 Bi 271.3 Po 254 At Rn -71 6 6 Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999

  15. Densities of Elements H 0.071 He 0.126 1 1 Li 0.53 Be 1.8 B 2.5 C 2.26 N 0.81 O 1.14 F 1.11 Ne 1.204 2 2 Na 0.97 Mg 1.74 Al 2.70 Si 2.4 P 1.82w S 2.07 Cl 1.557 Ar 1.402 3 3 K 0.86 Ca 1.55 Sc (2.5) Ti 4.5 V 5.96 Cr 7.1 Mn 7.4 Fe 7.86 Co 8.9 Ni 8.90 Cu 8.92 Zn 7.14 Ga 5.91 Ge 5.36 As 5,7 Se 4.7 Br 3.119 Kr 2.6 4 4 Rb 1.53 Sr 2.6 Y 5.51 Zr 6.4 Nb 8.4 Mo 10.2 Tc 11.5 Ru 12.5 Rh 12.5 Pd 12.0 Ag 10.5 Cd 8.6 In 7.3 Sn 7.3 Sb 6.7 Te 6.1 I 4.93 Xe 3.06 5 5 Cs 1.90 Ba 3.5 La 6.7 Hf 13.1 Ta 16.6 W 19.3 Re 21.4 Os 22.48 Ir 22.4 Pt 21.45 Au 19.3 Hg 13.55 Tl 11.85 Pb 11.34 Bi 9.8 Po 9.4 At --- Rn 4.4 6 6 8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3 > 18.0 g/cm3 Mg 1.74 Symbol Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L W

  16. H 2.1 Li 1.0 Be 1.5 B 2.0 C 2.5 N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Na 0.9 Mg 1.2 Al 1.5 Si 1.8 P 2.1 S 2.5 Cl 3.0 K 0.8 Ca 1.0 Sc 1.3 Ti 1.5 V 1.6 Cr 1.6 Mn 1.5 Fe 1.8 Co 1.8 Ni 1.8 Cu 1.9 Zn 1.7 Ga 1.6 Ge 1.8 As 2.0 Se 2.4 Br 2.8 Rb 0.8 Sr 1.0 Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Nb 1.6 Mo 1.8 Tc 1.9 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 Ag 1.9 Cd 1.7 In 1.7 Sn 1.8 Sb 1.9 Te 2.1 I 2.5 * Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 La 1.1 Hf 1.3 Ta 1.5 W 1.7 Re 1.9 Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 Au 2.4 Hg 1.9 Tl 1.8 Pb 1.8 Bi 1.9 Po 2.0 At 2.2 y Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Ac 1.1 * Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3 y Actinides: 1.3 - 1.5 Below 1.0 2.0 - 2.4 1.0 - 1.4 2.5 - 2.9 1.5 - 1.9 3.0 - 4.0 Electronegativities 1A 8A 1 1 3A 5A 7A 2A 4A 6A 2 2 3 3 2B 4B 6B 8B 1B 3B 5B 7B Period 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373

  17. Electron Filling in Periodic Table s s s s H 1s1 He 1s2 H 1s1 p p 1 1 Li 2s1 Be 2s2 B 2p1 C 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 2 2 Na 3s1 Mg 3s2 Al 3p1 Si 3p2 P 3p3 S 3p4 Cl 3p5 Ar 3p6 d d 3 3 K 4s1 Ca 4s2 Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 3d5 Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Cu 3d10 Zn 3d10 Ga 4p1 Ge 4p2 As 4p3 Se 4p4 Br 4p5 Kr 4p6 4 4 Rb 5s1 Sr 5s2 Y 4d1 Zr 4d2 Nb 4d4 Mo 4d5 Tc 4d6 Ru 4d7 Rh 4d8 Pd 4d10 Ag 4d10 Cd 4p1 In 5p1 Sn 5p2 Sb 5p3 Te 5p4 I 5p5 Xe 5p6 5 5 Cs 6s1 Ba 6s2 Hf 5d2 Ta 5d3 W 5d4 Re 5d5 Os 5d6 Ir 5d7 Pt 5d9 Au 5d10 Hg 5d10 Tl 6p1 Pb 6p2 Bi 6p3 Po 6p4 At 6p5 Rn 6p6 * * 6 6 Fr 7s1 Ra 7s2 Rf 6d2 Db 6d3 Sg 6d4 Bh 6d5 Hs 6d6 Mt 6d7 W W 7 7 f f La 5d1 Ce 4f2 Pr 4f3 Nd 4f4 Pm 4f5 Sm 4f6 Eu 4f7 Gd 4f7 Tb 4f9 Dy 4f10 Ho 4f11 Er 4f12 Tm 4f13 Yb 4f14 Lu 4f114 * * Ac 6d1 Th 6d2 Pa 5f2 U 5f3 Np 5f4 Pu 5f6 Am 5f7 Cm 5f7 Bk 5f8 Cf 5f10 Es 5f11 Fm 5f14 Md 5f13 No 5f14 Lr 5f14 W W

  18. = 1 Angstrom 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.52 1.11 1.86 1.60 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 2.31 1.97 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 2.44 2.15 2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46 Atomic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA Li Be C N O B F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ge As Se Br Ga Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Cs Ba Pb Tl Bi

  19. Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm) 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A Li Be C N O B F 0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064 0.1.52 0.111 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl 0.186 0.160 0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099 K Ca Ge As Se Br Ga 0.231 0.197 0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114 Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I 0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.244 0.215 Cs Ba At Pb Tl Po Bi 0.262 0.217 0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140 LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175

  20. IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA N3- Li1+ Be2+ Li O2- F1- = 1 Angstrom Be C N O B F 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.71 1.40 1.36 1.52 1.11 0.60 0.31 Na Na1+ Mg2+ S2- Cl1- Al3+ Mg Al Si P S Cl 0.95 0.65 1.86 1.60 0.50 1.84 1.81 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 K Ca Se2- Br1- Ge As Se Br Ga Ga3+ K1+ Ca2+ 2.31 1.97 1.33 0.99 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 0.62 1.98 1.85 Rb Sr Te2- I1- In In3+ Sn Sb Te I Rb1+ Sr2+ 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 0.81 2.21 2.16 2.44 2.15 1.48 1.13 Cs Ba Pb Tl Tl3+ Cs1+ Bi Ba2+ 2.62 2.17 1.69 1.35 0.95 1.71 1.75 1.46 = 1 Angstrom Atomic Radii Ionic Radii IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA

  21. Ionization Energies 18 Group 1 H 1312 He 2372 Symbol First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) Mg 738 1 1 13 15 17 2 14 16 Li 520 Be 900 B 801 C 1086 N 1402 O 1314 F 1681 Ne 2081 2 2 Na 496 Mg 738 Al 578 Si 787 P 1012 S 1000 Cl 1251 Ar 1521 3 3 12 4 6 8 9 10 11 3 5 7 Period K 419 Ca 590 Sc 633 Ti 659 V 651 Cr 653 Mn 717 Fe 762 Co 760 Ni 737 Cu 746 Zn 906 Ga 579 Ge 762 As 947 Se 941 Br 1140 Kr 1351 4 4 Rb 403 Sr 550 Y 600 Zr 640 Nb 652 Mo 684 Tc 702 Ru 710 Rh 720 Pd 804 Ag 731 Cd 868 In 558 Sn 709 Sb 834 Te 869 I 1008 Xe 1170 5 5 * Cs 376 Ba 503 La 538 Hf 659 Ta 761 W 770 Re 760 Os 839 Ir 878 Pt 868 Au 890 Hg 1007 Tl 589 Pb 716 Bi 703 Po 812 At -- Rn 1038 6 6 y Uuu -- Uub -- Uut -- Uuq -- Uup -- Uuo -- Fr -- Ra 509 Ac 490 Rf -- Db -- Sg -- Bh -- Hs -- Mt -- Ds -- 7 * Ce 534 Pr 527 Nd 533 Pm 536 Sm 545 Eu 547 Gd 592 Tb 566 Dy 573 Ho 581 Er 589 Tm 597 Yb 603 Lu 523 Lanthanide series y Th 587 Pa 570 U 598 Np 600 Pu 585 Am 578 Cm 581 Bk 601 Cf 608 Es 619 Fm 627 Md 635 No 642 Lr -- Actinide series

  22. First Ionization Energies(in kilojoules per mole) H 1312.1 He 2372.5 Li 520.3 Be 899.5 B 800.7 C 1086.5 N 1402.4 O 1314.0 F 1681.1 Ne 2080.8 Na 495.9 Mg 737.8 Al 577.6 Si 786.5 P 1011.8 S 999.7 Cl 1251.2 Ar 1520.6 K 418.9 Ca 589.9 Ga 578.6 Ge 761.2 As 946.5 Se 940.7 Br 1142.7 Kr 1350.8 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course1987, page 188

  23. First Ionization Energies(kJ/mol) s p H 1312.1 He 2372.5 Li 520.3 Be 899.5 B 800.7 C 1086.5 N 1402.4 O 1314.0 F 1681.1 Ne 2080.8 Na 495.9 Mg 737.8 Al 577.6 Si 786.5 P 1011.8 S 999.7 Cl 1251.2 Ar 1520.6 K 418.9 Ca 589.9 Ga 578.6 Ge 761.2 As 946.5 Se 940.7 Br 1142.7 Kr 1350.8 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course1987, page 188

  24. Shaded area on table denotes core electrons. Ionization Energies (kJ/mol) 3rd 6910 7730 2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945 4th 9540 10,600 11,600 4350 4950 4565 5160 5770 Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1st 498 736 577 787 1063 1000 1255 1519 2nd 4560 1445 1815 1575 1890 2260 2295 2665 5th 13,400 13,600 15,000 16,100 6270 6950 6560 7320 6th 16,600 18,000 18,310 19,800 21,200 8490 9360 8780 Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page

  25. Shaded area on table denotes core electrons. Ionization Energies (kJ/mol) 3rd 6910 7730 2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945 4th 9540 10,600 11,600 4350 4950 4565 5160 5770 Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 1st 498 736 577 787 1063 1000 1255 1519 2nd 4560 1445 1815 1575 1890 2260 2295 2665 5th 13,400 13,600 15,000 16,100 6270 6950 6560 7320 6th 16,600 18,000 18,310 19,800 21,200 8490 9360 8780 Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page

  26. Essential Elements Elements in organic matter H 1 He 2 Major minerals Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Trace elements Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 La 57 Hf 72 Ta 72 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748

  27. H+ Li+ Be2+ Na+ Mg2+ K+ Ca2+ Rb+ Sr2+ Cs+ Ba2+ Oxidation State of Elements 18 Group 1 N OB L E G A S E S 1 1 13 15 17 2 14 16 N3- O2- F1- 2 2 Al3+ S2- Cl1- Transition metals 3 3 Period Zn2+ Se2- Br1- 4 4 Ag1+ Te2- I1- 5 5 6 6

  28. Orbitals Being Filled 1 8 Groups 2 3 4 5 6 7 F1- Li1+ Be2+ O2- Cl1- Na1+ Te2- Al3+ S2- Br1- K1+ Te2- Zn2+ Ga3+ Se2- I1- Rb1+ Te2- Ag1+ In3+ Te2- Transition metals form cations with various charges. Cs1+ Te2-

  29. Summary of Periodic Trends Shielding is constant Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases Electronegativity increases Nuclear charge increases 1A 0 Nuclear charge increases Shielding increases Atomic radius increases Ionic size increases Ionization energy decreases Electronegativity decreases 5A 2A 3A 4A 6A 7A Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions) decreases decreases

  30. H 1 He 2 H 1 1 Li 3 Be 4 B 5 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 2 Na 11 Mg 12 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 3 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 4 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 5 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 * 6 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 W 7 La 57 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103

  31. 1 H Hydrogen Hydrogen N Name: Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F) Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F) What is Hydrogen? Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776. Electron Configuration H = 1s1

  32. 2 He Helium Helium N Name: Helium Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Mass: 4.002602 amu Melting Point: -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F) Boiling Point: -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F) What is Helium? Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer. Electron Configuration He = 1s2

  33. 3 Li Lithium Lithium N Name: Lithium Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F) Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F) What is Lithium? Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine. Electron Configuration Li = 1s22s1

  34. 4 Be Beryllium Beyrillium N Name: Beryllium Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu Melting Point: 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F) What is Beryllium? Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Be = 1s22s2

  35. 5 B Boron Boron N Name: Boron Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F) What is Boron? An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard. Electron Configuration B = 1s22s22p1

  36. 6 C Carbon Carbon N Name: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F) What is Carbon? Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements. Electron Configuration C = 1s22s22p2

  37. 7 N Nitrogen Nitrogen N Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu Melting Point: -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F) Boiling Point: -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F) Link What is Nitrogen? Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford. Electron Configuration N = 1s22s22p3

  38. 8 O Oxygen Oxygen N Name: Oxygen Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F) Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F) What is Oxygen? A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774. Electron Configuration O = 1s22s22p4

  39. 9 F Fluorine Fluorine N Name: Fluorine Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Mass: 18.998404 amu Melting Point: -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F) Boiling Point: -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F) What is Fluorine? A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886. Electron Configuration F = 1s22s22p5

  40. 10 Ne Neon Neon N Name: Neon Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amu Melting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F) Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F) What is Neon? Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers. Electron Configuration Ne = 1s22s22p6

  41. 11 Na Sodium Sodium N Name: Sodium Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu Melting Point: 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F) What is Sodium? Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration Na = 1s22s22p63s1

  42. 12 Mg Magnesium Magnesium N Name: Magnesium Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu Melting Point: 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F) Link What is Magnesium? Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828. Electron Configuration Mg = 1s22s22p63s2

  43. 13 Al Aluminum Aluminum N Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F) Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F) What is Aluminum? Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted. Electron Configuration Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1

  44. 14 Si Silicon Silicon N Name: Silicon Symbol: Si Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F) Link What is Silicon? Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius. Electron Configuration Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2

  45. 15 P Phosphorus Phosphorus N Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Mass: 30.97376 amu Melting Point: 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F) Boiling Point: 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F) What is Phosphorus? Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669. Electron Configuration P = 1s22s22p63s23p3

  46. 16 S Sulfur Sulfur N Name: Sulfur Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F) What is Sulfur? Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion. Electron Configuration S = 1s22s22p63s23p4

  47. 17 Cl Chlorine Chlorine N Name: Chlorine Symbol: Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu Melting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F) Boiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F) What is Chlorine? Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810. Electron Configuration Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5

  48. 18 Ar Argon Argon N Name: Argon Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Mass: 39.948 amu Melting Point: -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F) Boiling Point: -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F) What is Argon? Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894. Electron Configuration Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6

  49. 19 K Potassium Potassium N Name: Potassium Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F) Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F) Link What is Potassium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807. Electron Configuration K = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1

  50. 20 Ca Calcium Calcium N Name: Calcium Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu Melting Point: 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F) What is Calcium? Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms. Electron Configuration Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2

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