OGT REVIEW SESSION #4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In ENGLAND (1790-1850) In U.S. (1860-1910)

1. OGT REVIEW SESSION #4 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION In ENGLAND (1790-1850) In U.S. (1860-1910)

2. The Industrial Revolution Begins in England and the United States **The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in 1780 and in the U.S. in the 1860s for a number of reasons…. *3. Britain had a huge supply of natural resources and a large number of markets to sell their goods. *1. Improved Farming methods increased the supply of food which actually drove food prices down. The extra money people had to spend led them to buy more manufactured goods. *4. Because of falling crop prices, farming became less profitable. Farmers fled to urban areas looking for work where they could make more money. (factories)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! *2. Both nations had a large supply of CAPITALmoney to invest….and a large number of ENTREPRENEURS were looking for ways to invest their money and make a profit.

3. The Social Impact of Industry in Europe and United States **The Industrial Revolution created growth in cities and created TWO NEW SOCIAL CLASSESTHE MIDDLE AND THE WORKING CLASSES -Europe’s population doubled between 1750 and 1850 to 266 million…..BIG REASON Decline in death due to disease! -The U.S. population tripled from 1865-to 1900…BIG REASON: Immigrants coming from Europe! -Many city dwellers lived in miserable conditions….pollution from factories, overcrowding, lack of sanitation, and violence were the hard consequences of so many people cramming into such confined areas! -Cities became home to most industries….forcing people to move from the country to the cities to find work. Ex: London’s population rose from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million by 1850.

4. Impact of Industry on WORKING CONDITIONS in Europe and the United States Industrial workers faced horrible working conditions…because factory owners were looking to increase their profits by spending as little as possible on their labor! -There was no such thing as job security and there was no minimum wage -Women worked in textile factories where they were paid half the wages of men **By 1830 2/3 of England’s Industrial workforce were WOMEN AND CHILDREN! -12 to 16 hour work days, 6 days a week -Safety Concerns in factories100+ degree temperatures, loss of limbs and fingers operating machines, etc. These problems led to to people calling for drastic change!!

5. Problems with the Industrial Revolution in the United States -Many American business men during the late 19th Century (late 1800s) wanted to be able to run their businesses as they wanted. **Laissez-Faire the belief that government should not interfere with the economy. ~this means government should not tax, raise tariffs, set prices, set wages, or make any action that would effect business in any way! ***~They believed supply and demand should regulate prices and wages. The greater the supply the lower the cost, etc. -Wealthy citizens began to invest their capital (money) to begin businesses because of the growth of manufacturing and railroads!

6. Speaking of Crime…..Corruption in American Big Business *Monopoly one company gains control of an entire market…such as the oil market. MONOPOLIES ELIMINATE COMPETITION FOR YOUR CONSUMER DOLLARS! By 1890 many states began to pass laws making it illegal for companies to form monopolies…but that did not stop companies from finding ways around the law!

7. Speaking of Crime…..Corruption in American Big Business In 1882 Standard Oil became the first company to form a trust in the United States. **Trust A trust allows a person to manage another person’s property. So how does a trust all businesses to merge without violating monopoly laws? Different companies who sell the same type of product could all hire the same MANAGER to run their companies. The manager could then work to run the companies like a monopoly by setting the prices each charges for their good exactly the same!

8. More Big Business AbuseHow Were Employees Treated? Between 1865 and 1897 the United States experienced DEFLATION which is a rise in the value of paper money. Deflation caused prices to fall for consumer goods. Companies responded by cutting worker wages. Workers felt they were being paid less to do the same amount of work. • Workers across the U.S. began to strike back by forming 2 types of labor unions! • **Trade Unions unions that were only open to workers with a skilled trade. Examplebricklayers, carpenters, electricians, etc. • **Industrial Unions Unions that united all the common laborers within a specific industry. EXAMPLEUnited Auto Workers is a union for any laborer that works in the auto industry.

9. More Big Business AbuseHow Were Employees Treated? In 1886 the 20 plus trade unions across the country merged to create a national labor union that would give workers a stronger voice and put pressure on government to protect workers as well.American Federation of Labor (AFL) -A Labor Strike became a tool used by labor unions to force business leaders to give workers better benefits….why? Every day in which workers did not work, companies lost millions of dollars MANY DISPUTES BETWEEN BUSINESS AND LABOR ENDED THROUGH A NEW LABOR PROCESS **Arbitration when both sides in a dispute allow an independent individual (arbitrator) to step in and enforce a settlement. Both sides agree to abide by the decision of the arbitrator.

10. Progressivism in the United States Roosevelt ushered in the Progressive Era….**WHAT IS PROGRESSIVISM?An early 20th century reform movement that sought to RETURN CONTROL OF THE GOVT TO THE PEOPLE, RESTORE ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL, and CORRECT INJUSTICE IN AMERICAN LIFE!

11. American Reporters Reveal that All that Glitters is not Gold! *2. Upton Sinclair his novel, The Jungle, was a fictional story of an immigrant trying to make a life for himself working in the meat packing plants of Chicago The write a “realistic story” Sinclair took a job working in a meat packing plant in downtown Chicago. What he saw became the substance that made his book so shocking to American readers The meat plants were unsanitary, overrun by rats the size of housecats…being ground into the meat grinders and shipped off to stores for sale….yummy!

12. Ratburgers, Fingerdogs, Toenail Sausage! In writing his book, Upton Sinclair drew attention to the horrible sanitation conditions in the factories producing 90% of the meat consumed in the United States Roosevelt invited Sinclair to the White House and then responded………. *Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act (1906) this legislation set a rigid inspection process that all food and prescription medicine has to go through before being declared safe for human consumption. The legislation led to the creation of the USFDA

13. Roosevelt Takes on Big Business The Government had been at war with greedy business trying to knock out their competition The Tool: Sherman Anti-Trust Act….passed since 1890…ignored since 1890 The Enforcer: Roosevelt was not afraid to take on BIG BUSINESS. He used his power to go after trusts. During his presidency the government filed 44 suits for violations of the Anti-Trust Laws

14. Roosevelt’s Plan for Business Peace Roosevelt felt it was the duty of Government to make sure businesses profited and that workers and consumers were protected….SO HOW DID HE PLAN TO DO THAT??? *Square Dealthe idea that government serve as an “UMPIRE” to ensure fairness for workers, consumers, and big business. (this is anti laissez-faire) Square Deal in Action 1902-United Mine Workers Strike in Pennsylvania Mine workers and owners squared off in a bloody strike that shut down the nations #1 fuel source with winter setting in. Roosevelt pressured the coal mine owners to agree to arbitration…where the workers won a 10% raise and a 8-9 hr workday

15. Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution • higher prices for crops. • B. increased rural population • density. • C. a shortage of land for • farming. • D. greater productivity of • farming During the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century, farmers in the United States worked to increase their land holdings and modernize their equipment. A lasting effect of these changes was

16. Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution • a decrease in child labor. • B. an increase in demand for • handicraft goods. • C. a decrease in immigration to • the United States. • D. an increase in urbanization. One effect of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th century was

17. Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution Consider the following changes that occurred in the United States in the late 19th century: • improvements in agricultural production; • increases in immigration from Europe; • advancements in networks of railroad and streetcar lines. These changes led to the • rapid growth of urban areas. • B. acquisition of overseas territories. • C. elimination of large suburbs around many cities. • D. movement of people from the • urban to the rural areas.

18. Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution • Unions were needed to guarantee a steady supply of workers. • B. Union membership was required for • employment in new industries. • C. Factory owners set up labor unions in order to control their large workforce. • D. Unions organized industrial workers • to protest unsafe working • conditions and long workdays. • Why was the formation of labor unions an effect of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800s?

19. Industrial Revolution Lets look at a couple samples of how questions look on the OGT that will test your knowledge of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes not only in cities, but in rural America as well. Before machines were used, one farmer could harvest about 7.5 acres of wheat per year. With machines, he could harvest wheat on 135 acres. Scientists also developed new kinds of wheat seeds that could survive northern winters. These developments were examples of what was happening in many areas of agriculture. Explain two additional ways farming changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points) • Potential Written Answer Examples • • American farms could be bigger; • • they could produce much more food; • • they could be profitable; • • they could require less labor; • • farming was less time-consuming; • • farming was expandable into new regions; • • farming was subject to overproduction; • • farming was subject to lower prices for crops;