Chapter 1-The Science of Life The Biosphere

1. Chapter 1-The Science of Life The Biosphere 8 km above sea level and 11 km below sea level

2. What is biology? The study of life (living and once living organisms). Biologists can study on many different levels, from very broad to very specific.

3. Characteristics of Life • Growth • Development. • Reproduction-Asexual & Sexual. • Obtain & use a source of Energy. • Adaptations – traits that aid in survival (over generations) • Respond to environment Homeostasis-maintain a “steady state”. • Organized-All living things are composed of a single cell or cells.

4. Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism to carry out life functions.

5. Homeostasis- maintaining an internal balance regardless of the external conditions.

6. biosphere = everywhere life exists

7. Biosphere

8. Biome

9. Ecosystem

10. Community

11. Population

12. Organism

13. Organ System

14. Organ

15. Tissue

16. Cell

17. Biologist even study smaller than cells….They study what makes up those cells which are molecules and atoms.

19. Ecology • Study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment

20. Why is food necessary? ENERGY!!!

21. __ENERGY_______ • Troph stands for _________________ • ______________ stands for own • ______________ stands for different __AUTO______ __HETERO______

22. Some organisms produce their own food- Other organisms need to consume food- PRODUCERS / AUTOTROPHS CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHS

23. How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Starts with the autotrophs (producers) • organisms that convert energy from the sun or chemicals to produce food

24. Photosynthesis • Energy from sunlight is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen Sun’s energy Plants, Algae, Seaweeds, Cyanobacteria

25. There is also another method to produce food called chemosynthesis Instead of using sunlight, these bacteria use __________ to produce their own food. chemicals

27. How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Next energy goes to the Heterotrophs (consumers) • Herbivores – eat plants • Carnivores – eat animals • Omnivores – eat both

28. Heterotrophs (cont.) • Decomposers – break down organic matter and returns it to biosphere (bacteria and fungus)  Essential to every ecosystem!!! NOTE- FUNGI (EXAMPLE- MUSHROOMS) ARE NOT PRODUCERS!!!!!

29. AGAIN, MUSHROOMS ARE NOT PLANTS!!!!! Plants MAKE their own food. Fungi DO NOT MAKE their own food

30. Cellular Respiration • Glucose, produced by producers is converted into a usable form of energy • Producers & Consumers perform this process!

31. Food Chains A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy in the form of food from producers through a series of consumers Trophic Levels Each step in the food chain.

32. Trophic Levels 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st

33. Food Webs Link all of the food chains in an ecosystem into a complex network of energy transfers.

37. What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level? Lost Energy Lost Energy Amount of energy passed on to the next level.

38. What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level? When an organism is consumed only a small amount of the initial energy can be passed on to the next organism. Most of the energy was used up in life processes (ex. growing and reproducing). This is why there are larger #s of organisms at the bottom/base of food chain and smaller #s towards the top/end. NOTE: Matter/Nutrients are cycled Energy is used and lost.

39. Rule of 10 • Only 10% of the energy available to an ecosystem is passed on to the next trophic level. Energy Pyramid

41. =

42. Food/Energy Pyramids

43. Food web worksheet

44. Alike but Different • All organisms share several characteristics • Yet, Life is amazingly diverse-2 million sp. • Evolution is the change in organisms over time, traits suited to their environment. • These traits which develop according to an organisms DNA are called adaptations.

45. Levels of Organization smallest unit of living things group of similar cells organized to work together group of different kinds of tissues working together group of organs working together one individual living thing all organisms of the same kind living in one area all interacting populations in an ecosystem all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area

46. ecosystem community population organism organ system organ tissue Levels of Organization group of organs working together smallest unit of living things group of different kinds of tissues working together all interacting populations in an ecosystem one individual living thing all organisms of the same kind living in one area group of similar cells organized to work together all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area cell

48. Abiotic or Biotic? 1.

49. Abiotic or Biotic? 2.

50. Abiotic or Biotic? 3.