Chapter 36

1. Chapter 36 Calculation of Medication Dosage and Medication Administration

2. Legal and Ethical Implications of Medication Administration • Laws vary from state to state • Thorough knowledge of medications administered to patient • Ethical considerations • Using drugs for personal benefit • Proper authorization

3. Legal and Ethical Implications of Medication Administration • The medication order • Given by provider • The prescription • Written legal document that gives directions for compounding, dispensing, and administering medication to patient • Eight parts

4. Legal and Ethical Implications of Medication Administration • The prescription • Two types of medicines • Prescription • Over-the-counter (OTC) • Prescriptions for controlled substances • Approved prescription abbreviations and symbols

5. Calculation of Drug Dosages • Understanding ratio • Ratio expressed as a quotient • Ratio expressed as a fraction • Ratio expressed as a decimal • Understanding proportion • Means and extremes • Solving for X

6. Calculation of Drug Dosages • Weights and measures • Metric system guidelines • The seven common metric prefixes • Micro- • Milli- • Centi- • Deci- • Deka- • Hecto- • Kilo-

7. Calculation of Drug Dosages • Weights and measures • Fundamental units • Household measurements • Metric system conversion • Proportional method for converting metric equivalents • Moving the decimal in the correct direction

8. Medications Measured in Units • How to calculate unit dosages • Proportional method • Formula method • Insulin • Individualized needs and treatment

9. Medications Measured in Units • Types of diabetes • Type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus • Type II noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus • Type III gestational diabetes • Type IV other types of diabetes

10. Medications Measured in Units • Importance of exact dosage • Precautions to observe when administering insulin • Expressing the weight of medication • Expressing the volume of medication

11. Calculating Adult Dosages • The proportional method • The formula method

12. Calculating Children’s Dosages • Young’s, Clark’s, and Fried’s rules replaced by more exact methods • By body surface area (BSA) • Nomogram • Used for infants and children up to 12 years of age

13. Calculating Children’s Dosages • By kilogram of body weight • Mathematical process • Proportional method

14. Administration of Medications • The “Six Rights” of proper drug administration

15. Administration of Medications Click Here to play the video

16. Administration of Medications • Medication errors • When a medication error occurs • Standard procedure for reporting errors

17. Administration of Medications • Patient assessment • Age • Physical condition • Body size • Gender • Muscular build • Skin texture • Injection sites to avoid

18. Administration of Oral Medications • Equipment and supplies for oral medications

19. Administration ofParenteral Medications • Parenteral routes • Subcutaneous • Intramuscular • Intradermal • Multiple dose form • Unit dose forms

20. Administration ofParenteral Medications • Hazards associated with parenteral medications • Reasons for parenteral route selection • Rapid response time to medication • Accuracy of dosage • Need to concentrate medication in specific body part or area

21. Administration ofParenteral Medications • Reasons for parenteral route selection • Inability to administer orally because medication is destroyed by gastric juices or patient is incapable of taking medication orally • Liquid or powder form • Expressed in terms of volume • Ordered in terms of weight and volume

22. Parenteral Equipment and Supplies • Syringes • Disposable syringes • Non-disposable syringes • Combination disposable and non-disposable cartridge-injection syringes

23. Parenteral Equipment and Supplies Click Here to play the video

24. Parts of a Syringe

25. Parts of a Needle

26. Parenteral Equipment and Supplies • Safe disposal of needles and syringes • Sharps containers • Needlesticks

27. Parenteral Equipment and Supplies Click Here to play the video

28. Principles of Intravenous Therapy • Patient needs and conditions • Patient safety • Types of solutions • Legal aspects Basic IV Administration Set >>

29. Site Selection for Injections

30. Injection Angles

31. Site Selection and Injection Angle • Marking the correct site for intramuscular injection • Dorsogluteal site • Ventrogluteal site • Deltoid muscle • Vastus lateralis site

32. Basic Guidelines forAdministration of Injections • Withdrawing medication • Withdrawing medication from a vial • Withdrawing medication from an ampule • Reconstituting a powder medication

33. Basic Guidelines forAdministration of Injections • Administering subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intradermal injections

34. Basic Guidelines forAdministration of Injections Click Here to play the video

35. Z-track Method ofIntramuscular Injection • Given to avoid irritation to subcutaneous tissues • Imferon is an example of a medication given by this route • Pull skin to side before inserting needle

36. Z-track Method ofIntramuscular Injection Click Here to play the video

37. Administration of Allergenic Extracts • MAs may administer allergenic extracts • Always follow guidelines • Have emergency supplies on hand • Allergic reactions • Observe the patient for 20-30 minutes after administration

38. Administration ofInhaled Medications • Inhalation therapy • Inhaler may be used to administer medication to the lungs • Implications for patient care

39. Administration ofInhaled Medications • Administration of oxygen • Hypoxemia • Oxygen tanks • Dosage • Methods of oxygen delivery • Oxygen safety precautions