The Gunpowder Empires: Rise of Islamic Powers

1. The Gunpowder Empires Gunpowder Empire: The three Islamic empires that conquered lands after the Mongols declined, using muskets and cannons to create a new mode of warfare, ending the age of knights and foot soldiers with pikes and swords. Ottoman Empire Safavid Empire Mughal Empire 9e. Define the term “Gunpowder Empire” and evaluate whether the Mughal should be defined as one. Continued . . . NEXT

2. The Early Islamic Empires Ottoman Turks emerge Ottomans control Anatolia- Conquer Baghdad- Sweep south through Middle East (Iraq, Syria, Palestine) Conquer Egypt Effective use of muskets and Cannons end the medieval pattern of knights and infantry armed with pikes and swords Ottomans establish their Caliphate Sunni Islam is mostly united Ottomans move into eastern Europe Byzantine empire is pushed back to Constantinople Constantinople holds out until 1453 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. 9e. Define the term “Gunpowder Empire” and evaluate whether the Mughal should be defined as one. Continued . . . NEXT

3. The Early Islamic Empires Ottoman Turks emerge Safavids withstand the Ottoman’s push east into Persia and create their new Persian Muslim Empire. They were Sufi oriented Muslims who made Shi’a the mandatory religion and ruled as theocracy (a religious government) establishing a pattern still followed in many Muslim countries today. Mughals were Persian/Turk/Mongol claiming descent from Genghis Khan through Timur the Lame (Tamerlane). Attempting to establish their control over Persia fails, but holding Kabul (Afghanistan) they move south east into India . 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. 9e. Define the term “Gunpowder Empire” and evaluate whether the Mughal should be defined as one. Continued . . . NEXT

4. The Early Islamic Empires 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. Continued . . . NEXT

5. The Early Islamic Empires 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. Continued . . . NEXT

6. The Early Islamic Empires 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. Continued . . . NEXT

7. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam A New Leader • In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be first caliph • Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First four caliphs guided by the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions • Jihad, armed struggle against unbelievers, used to expand Islam • By 750, Muslim empire stretches from Atlantic Ocean to Indus River 9b. Identify the historical significance of the conversion of Iran to a Shiite Islamic state under the Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722).

8. The Early Islamic Empires 9b. Identify the historical significance of the conversion of Iran to a Shiite Islamic state under the Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722).

9. Muhammad’s Successors Spread Islam Reasons for Success • Muslim armies are well disciplined and expertly commanded • Byzantine and Sassanid empires are weak from previous conflict • Persecuted citizens of these empires welcome Islam • Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope Treatment of Conquered Peoples • Muslim invaders tolerate other religions • Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” 9b. Identify the historical significance of the conversion of Iran to a Shiite Islamic state under the Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722). NEXT

10. Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis Rise of the Umayyads • Struggles for power end the elective system of choosing a caliph • Wealthy family, Umayyads, take power; move Muslim capital to Damascus Sunni—Shi’a Split • Shi’a—“party” of Ali—believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant • Sunni—followers of Muhammad’s example—support Umayyads • Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads • In 750, a rebel group—theAbbasids—topple the Umayyads 9b. Identify the historical significance of the conversion of Iran to a Shiite Islamic state under the Safavid Dynasty (1501-1722). NEXT

11. Control Extends Over Three Continents Fall of the Umayyads • Abbasids murder Umayyad family; one prince escapes, Abd al-Rahman • Flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus • al-Andalus—Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans Abbasids Consolidate Power • In 762, Abbasids move Muslim capital from Damascus to Baghdad • Location provides access to trade goods, gold, information • Abbasids develop strong bureaucracy to manage empire 9a. Describe the origins of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires as outgrowths of Turco-Mongol power in late medieval Eurasia. Continued . . . NEXT

12. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9c. Assess the contributions of these three empires to the early-modern world. Continued . . . NEXT

13. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9c. Assess the contributions of these three empires to the early-modern world. Continued . . . NEXT

14. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9c. Assess the contributions of these three empires to the early-modern world. Continued . . . NEXT

15. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9d. Describe the internal factors that led to decline in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires from the 17th through the 19th centuries and show how the growing commercial and military power of European nations facilitated that decline. Continued . . . NEXT

16. 27.1 What were the external pressures and the internal divisions and weakness that led to the breakup of much of the Ottoman Empire in the century before the outbreak of World War I in 1914? Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 1768-1774- Ottoman Empire at war with Russia

17. 27.1 What were the external pressures and the internal divisions and weakness that led to the breakup of much of the Ottoman Empire in the century before the outbreak of World War I in 1914? Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 1789-1807- Sultan Selim III Reforms aimed at government efficiency- Ayan- Modernize military-

18. 27.1 What were the external pressures and the internal divisions and weakness that led to the breakup of much of the Ottoman Empire in the century before the outbreak of World War I in 1914? Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 1807-1839- Sultan Mahmud II 1826- Janissary Corps destroyed 1830 Greece overthrows Ottoman rule, restores monarchy to Greece 1834- Postal system established 1838- British establish treaty ending trade restrictions

19. 27.1 What were the external pressures and the internal divisions and weakness that led to the breakup of much of the Ottoman Empire in the century before the outbreak of World War I in 1914? Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 1854-1856- Crimean War Ottomans ally with Britain and France Charge of the Light Brigade-

20. 27.1 What were the external pressures and the internal divisions and weakness that led to the breakup of much of the Ottoman Empire in the century before the outbreak of World War I in 1914? Civilizations in Crisis: The Ottoman Empire, the Islamic Heartlands, and Qing China 1876-1908- Sultan Abdul Hamid 1877- Balkans drive Ottomans out

21. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9d. Describe the internal factors that led to decline in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires from the 17th through the 19th centuries and show how the growing commercial and military power of European nations facilitated that decline. Continued . . . NEXT

22. Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals 9d. Describe the internal factors that led to decline in the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires from the 17th through the 19th centuries and show how the growing commercial and military power of European nations facilitated that decline. Continued . . . NEXT

23. Mughals 9f. Compare the religious, military, political, and financial policies of the main Mughal rulers from Babur to Aurangzeb. Continued . . . NEXT

24. Mughals 9f. Compare the religious, military, political, and financial policies of the main Mughal rulers from Babur to Aurangzeb. Continued . . . NEXT

25. Mughals 9f. Compare the religious, military, political, and financial policies of the main Mughal rulers from Babur to Aurangzeb. Continued . . . NEXT

26. Mughals Reading:Women and the Quran What rights did Mohammed give women in the Quran? In what areas did women have no rights or legal protections? 9g. Discuss gender roles in Early Modern Islamic Empires. Continued . . . NEXT

27. Mughals Resist British control of cities- Rebellion of 1857- Sepoy rebellion was fueled by resentment of British restrictions on inheritance and fears of British plans to abolish the Caste system (a basic part of the Hindu religion) and a rumor that the Indians in the British army (many of them Muslim) were having to touch ammunition cartridges grease with pork fat (forbidden as unclean to Muslims). The soldiers mutinied and declared the Badahur Shah (an elderly deposed ruler) to be king once more. 9h. Analyze resistance to the British by the declining Mughals. Continued . . . NEXT