Renaissance & Reformation

1. Renaissance & Reformation

2. Define the following terms: renaissance, patronage, mercenary, burgher, republic, humanism, fresco, vernacular, perspective, Christian humanism, salvation, indulgence, Lutheranism, justification, predestination, annul, ghetto Identify the following individuals and their contributions to the Renaissance and Reformation: Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Baldassare Castiglione, N. Machiavelli, Johannes Gutenberg, Albrecht Durer, D. Erasmus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Henry VIII, and Ignatius of Loyola

3. The Renaissancec.1350-1600

4. How was society beginning to change by the 14th century? • Medieval Europe • fragmented feudal society • church-dominated intellectual and cultural life • agricultural economy • Early Modern Europe (after the Renaissance) • society dominated by centralized political institutions • lay patronage of education, arts, and music • urban, commercial economy

5. Copy the following questions in your notebook. Think about each question and respond to it in writing. Be prepared to answer them in class discussion. • What term in English expresses the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented person? • What are the world’s largest trading cities today? • Should political leaders adhere to basic moral principles when pursuing the state’s affairs or just look out for the state’s interests?

6. Characteristics of the Renaissance? • urban society • an age of recovery • increasing regard for the individual human • Increased secular viewpoints

7. The Italian Renaissance (c.1350-1550) • Renaissance “rebirth” • Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) • Increased power and wealth of Italian city-states such as Milan, Florence, and Venice • less decline during the Middle Ages • The Crusades? • Italy was a transfer point between East and West • manufacturing in the Italian city-states • banking • growth of political power of the city-states • lay patronage of education, art, and music (for example, the Medici family in Florence)

9. What was the intellectual movement known as humanism? Humanism • characterized by secularism and individualism • based on the classics, the literary works of ancient Greece and Rome • Petrarch- 15th century (Father of Italian Renaissance Humanism)

10. Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) • “Father of Humanism” • referred to the medieval period as the “Dark Ages” • collected and analyzed ancient texts • greatly inspired by the Roman statesman • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 B.C-43 A.D.) • wrote in classical Latin and the Italian vernacular • assembled a library of Greek and Roman • manuscripts

11. Humanist Education • Humanists of the Renaissance believed that education could affect positive change in human beings. • Emphasized liberal studies- history, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar and logic, mathematics, poetry, and astronomy, and music • The curriculum was intended to develop individuals to their full potential and help them to attain virtue and wisdom. • Physical education was also stressed. • Its ultimate aim was to create complete, well-rounded citizens.

12. The Artistic Renaissance in Italy • Florence, Italy (c.1400- 1550) • Renaissance artists endeavored to imitate nature in their works. • A new view of human nature began to emerge- human beings were the “center and measure” of all things. • The use of perspective, lighting, and space to create realism

13. Medieval Art

14. Medieval or Renaissance?

15. Leonardo da Vinci • Renaissance man (polymath or polyhistor) • Leonardo da Vinci • What term in English expresses the Renaissance ideal of a well-rounded, multi-talented person?

16. Inventions

17. Sketches

18. Da Vinci’s Famous Paintings The Last Supper Mona Lisa

19. Virgin of the Rocks

20. Michelangelo Pieta David

21. Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo

22. School of Athens, Raphael

23. Niccolò Machiavelli • The Prince, 1513 • The Prince became a guide for rulers on how to gain and maintain power • Should political leaders adhere to basic moral principles when pursuing the state’s affairs or just look out for the state’s interests?

24. “Everyone realizes how praiseworthy it is for a prince to honor his word and to be straightforward rather than crafty in his dealings; nonetheless experience shows that princes who have achieved great things have been those who have given their word lightly, who have known how to trick men with their cunning, and who, in the end have overcome those abiding by honest principles….” Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince, 1513

25. Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529) • The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Rejected crude habits and promoted standard behavior for noble gentlemen • Described the ideal “Renaissance Man”

26. The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands • A different approach to art than the Italians- the northern painters became masters of detail. Initially, however, the northern painters did not study the laws of perspective. • The artistic center of northern Europe was in Flanders

27. The German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) incorporated the laws of perspective in his paintings while still maintaining the northern emphasis on detail. • Dürer applied painting techniques that he learned in Italy to the engraving process • Jan van Eyck(1385-1441)- perfected and popularized oil painting

28. Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513) by Albrecht Dürer *copper engraving

29. Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait

30. Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) • Christian humanist • master of Greek and Latin • produced the first Greek printed edition of the New Testament in 1516 • used humor and satire in his writings to bring attention to abuses in the Church • “Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

31. Printing Press

32. Johannes Gutenberg (c.1400-1469) • developed a printing press that used blocks of moveable type • by c.1455 the Gutenberg Bible became the earliest book printed from moveable type in Europe • printing using movable type enabled people to become better informed

33. The Protestant Reformation

34. What was the Reformation? • Religion in the year 1500 in Western Europe? • Church was an ever-present aspect in the lives of all Christians • sacraments • tithe • holidays, church bells, etc. What were many Christians beginning to question?

35. the effects of war, disease, and famine • questions concerning the afterlife were of great concern to many • Although the ordinary people tried to live religious lives, the clergy often did not. • corruption • insincerity • disregard for Church law • political engagements of the popes • lavish living while peasants starved • fathering of children (with vow of celibacy)

36. Earlier reform attempts: • Dominic (13th century) preached against heresy • Believed that many of the incorrect beliefs came from misinformed priests • Dominic devoted himself to training priests (Dominicans) • Heresy and the Inquisition- 13th century • John Wycliffe and Jan Huss

37. Other challenges to the Church: • 1. • 2. • 3. *Most Europeans were still loyal to the Church, but there was a growing number of critics.

38. Lutheranism Martin Luther

39. Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Luther was born a peasant, but his father secured his way to study at the university (completed his Bachelors and Masters) • In 1505, Luther was caught in a lightening storm and vowed to become a monk if he survived. He joined the order of Augustine monks • Received his doctorate in theology and taught at the University of Wittenberg • Luther’s beliefs • In 1517, angered by indulgences (Johann Tetzel), he posted his Ninety-five Theses • Disputation at Leipzig (1519), Diet of Worms (1521) • Luther protected by Frederick the Wise of Saxony • Translated the Bible from Latin and Greek into the German vernacular • The Peace of Augsburg (1555)

40. The Spread of Protestantism Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531) • Swiss Reformer • theocracy in Zurich • Luther and Zwingli

41. The Spread of Protestantism John Calvin (1509-1564) • France to Switzerland (Geneva) • theocracy in Geneva • Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) • predestination • the elect • Spread of Calvinism • Scotland (John Knox)- Presbyterianism • France- Huguenots • England and North America- Puritans

42. Reformation in England • Henry VIII (r.1509-1547) • Tudor monarch • Defense of the Seven Sacraments, 1521 • Problem the Church? • Catherine of Aragon (wife #1) • Anne Boleyn (wife #2… of 6) Henry VIII

43. How did the Church of England (Anglican Church) change after 1534? England’s Break with Rome • Pope Clement VII (r.1523-1534) refused Henry’s requested annulment with Catherine of Aragon • Act of Annates(1532)- refused revenue to the church in Rome • Act of Appeals (1533)- ended the pope’s legal authority on England • Act of Supremacy (1534)- made the English king the supreme head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) • Fate of the English humanist Thomas More? • Act of Succession (1534)- all of the king’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as head of the Anglican Church **The king secured these acts with the cooperation of the English Parliament.

44. Anabaptists • formed in 1525 • radical reformers • rejected any secular agreements • believed that church and state should be separate • refused to serve in the military • rejected infant baptism • rejected the idea of the Trinity • millenarians Modern-day Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians are rooted in Anabaptist ideology

45. Ignatius of Loyola Catholic Reformation • Principal Objectives • Society of Jesus, 1534 • Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) • Council of Trent, 1545 • reform of abuses within the church • reaffirmed established church doctrine • Inquisition and censorship • Index of Banned Books