The Scientific Revolution: New Views of the Universe

1. CHAPTER 7: New Culture & Scientific Developments Pages: 154-163 AP EURO

2. Scientific Revolution • Main Themes: • 1. Renaissance & Reformation paved the way for “new” science & philosophy • 2.Shift fromauthoritative truthtofactual truth

3. The Scientific Revolution … • Was a period of intellectual transition… • Inspired new views of the universe • Was a complex movement

4. New Knowledge Emerged • During 16th/ 17th centuries: • Medicine, chemistry, natural history, philosophy • & Most notably… • Astronomy 

5. Ancient vs. Modern Views of the Universe • What is the earth’s place in the universe? • Where does heaven fit in?

6. The Accepted Model of the Universe • “Ptolemaic System” • Ptolemy wrote The Almagest (150 c.e.) • Geo centrism- earth is at center of the universe • “Concentric Spheres” above earth

7. The “Celestial / Concentric Sphere”- Assumptions • “Sphere” surrounded the earth • Stars attached to this sphere • Sphere rotated around stationary earth every 24 hours • Sphere “moved” in westward motion (stars rise in east, set in west)

8. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) • Polish Priest/Astronomer • Did not believe Earth was at the center of the universe

9. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Heliocentrism– Sun is at the center of the universe • Challenged Ptolemaic model • Argued that the farther the planet from the sun, the longer it took to revolve around it

10. Copernicus’ Model of the Universe • Believed in the daily rotation of the earth on its axis • and the journey of the earth around the sun each year

11. Copernicus • Wrote:On Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres • Published after his death 1543 • Theories allowed for others to re-think views of the universe

12. Nicolaus Copernicus & Heliocentrism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNGlHzS1s70 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW0MODFs

13. Tycho Brahe • Danish 1546-1601 • Suggested: • Mercury & Venus revolved around sun, • But other planets revolved around earth

14. Tycho Brahe • Constructed scientific instruments for observation of planets • Compiled large amounts of data

15. The Scandalous Life of Tycho Brahe- TED TALKS • http://socksonanoctopus.com/blog/2014/06/ted-talks-dan-wenkel-tycho-brahe-scandalous-astronomer/#.VFO3P_nF9kI

16. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Was Brahe’s assistant • German astronomer • Inherited Brahe’s data

17. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) • Used Copernicus idea of heliocentric universe + • Brahe’s data = • And Came up with new interpretation of the Universe

18. Kepler’s Book • Published book: The New Astronomy, 1609 • 1. 1st astronomical model to portray motion • 2. Path of planets as elliptical, not circular • 3. Sun centered universe

19. Giordano Bruno • Dominican Monk/Astronomer • Born 5 years after Copernicus died • Controversial!

20. IN :De l’infinito Universo e Mondi • He Argued: • 1. Universe is infinite • 2. Universe contains an infinite number of worlds And…

21. That… • 3. These worlds are inhabited by intelligent beings!!!!

22. Arrested by the Inquisition! • Investigated, Sent to trial 1592 • Kept imprisoned for 8 years, interrogated periodically • Refused to recant (take back) heretical statements regarding the universe

23. Death of Bruno • Declared a heretic • Burned at the stake • His file is missing from records

24. Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642) • Mathematician, “instrument maker”, & astronomer • 1588-1592 Professor of Mathematics University of Pisa • 1592 – Dept. Chair, Mathematics. University of Padua

25. Galileo’s Achievements • 1. Perfected Dutch Telescope • First used it 1609

26. Galileo’s Achievements • 2. Discovered Sunspots • 3. Discovered moons around Jupiter -named them after Medicis“MediceaSidera” (Medician Stars) - Name later changed to: Io, Europa, Ganymede,Callisto

27. Galileo’s Achievements • 4. Wrote : Starry Messenger (1610) • Argued: • Copernican view of the Universe • Universe subject to mathematical laws

28. “The Universe; Galileo Galilei” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-QUegBP3qwg

29. IN 1616… • A committee of consultants declared to the inquisition • That the heliocentric theory of the universe was • “absurd in philosophy and formally heretical”

30. IN1623, Galileo’s Acquaintance • Became Pope Urban VIII • Gave Galileo permission to resume discussion regarding Copernican system • As long as he treated topic as theory/hypothesis • And not TRUTH

31. Galileo’s “Mistake” • 1632 published : • “Dialogue on the 2 Chief World Systems” • Featured 2 characters: • A “dumb” character (favored geocentric model) & • A “ smart” character (favored heliocentric model)

32. Problem? • Pope Urban VIII thought • Galileo was mocking him, and took personal offense! • 1632 Pope referred Galileo case to the Inquisition

33. Galileo • Imprisoned in 1633 • Refused to recant his theories • Found guilty • Punishment: • House Arrest • Books were banned • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2J0-ZbbrD6U

34. Isaac Newton • English Mathematician 1642-1727 • Believed in Empiricism: one must observe phenomena before attempting to explain them

35. Newton Synthesized or Combined • Kepler’s laws of motion for the heavenly bodies & Galileo’s laws of motion for things on earth. • Proved that Motion could be timed and measured

36. Newton’s Accomplishments • 1.He explained how the universe works through mathematics. • 2. Planets & Physical objects in the universe move through “mutual attraction: or “gravity”

37. Newton’s Accomplishments • 3. Laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus. • 4. Established universal laws of motion & gravity • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ncttbyZ5U8M

38. Bacon & Descartes

39. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) • Father of Scientific Method or Empiricism • Believed that: Investigation + evidence lead to truth • empiricism became popular after Isaac Newton used method • Inductive Method.

40. Rene Descartes (1596-1650) • Relied on “ Rational deduction” instead of empiricism/inductive method • Originally a mathematician invented analytic geometry

41. 1637- Descartes Wrote • Wrote: Discourse of Method • Asked the following questions: • How can I prove God’s existence? • How can I prove my own existence? • Through Rational Deduction!

42. Let’s Try This! • Descartes concluded that “there are never any sure signs by means of which being awake can be distinguished from being asleep.” • 1. Identify at least 5 differences between dreaming experience and waking experience. • 2. Can any of these differences be used to prove that you are not now dreaming?

43. 1637 Discourse of Method • -Descartes doubted everything except the following- • Two Categories of Existing Things : thinking things, things that occupy space • He could not doubt his own act of thinking

44. Conclusion: “ I think, therefore I am” • “Cogito ergo sum” • I exist because I think… • therefore, God exists. • God is the only perfect being.

45. TED –ED How do you know you really exist (2014)? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmxlcJFTaYU

46. Chemistry, Biology, & Medicine

47. Late Medieval Medicine • Dominated by the teachings of Greek Physician Galen • A 2nd century contemporary of Ptolemy • The study of Medicine relied on the ancient writings of Galen in the late Medieval / early Renaissance

48. Galen’s Views of Anatomy • Anatomy: relied on animal, rather than human dissection • This fostered an inaccurate view of the human body

49. Galen’s Views of Physiology • Physiology: Believed there were 2 separate blood systems • 1. One Controlled muscular activities • 2. The other Governed the digestive functions

50. Galen’s Views of Disease • Galen’s Doctrine of Four Bodily humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile • Disease was the result of an imbalance in the humors