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Human population: 7.7 billion (2019)

Human population: 7.7 billion (2019). 35. Woodstock. 2019 China: 1.43 billion India: 1.37 billion USA 329 million. 1949 population 541.7 million. Mao Zedong saw population growth as a good way to fight the Soviet Union and the United States.

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Human population: 7.7 billion (2019)

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  1. Human population: 7.7 billion (2019) 35 Woodstock

  2. 2019 China: 1.43 billion India: 1.37 billion USA 329 million

  3. 1949 population 541.7 million • Mao Zedong saw population growth as a good way to fight the Soviet Union and the United States. • The Communists called on women to “breed for the motherland”. • The population grew very quickly after 1949.

  4. Family Planning Prior to the One Child Policy • Early 1970s: “later-longer-fewer program”. • End of 1970s: “One is best, at most two, never a third”

  5. Family PlanningOne Child Policy • 1981- population 1 billion • Regulations of the policy • Employers and neighborhood committees had to enforce guidelines. • Young people needed permission to get married. • The government monitored women’s menstrual cycles. • The use of birth control was required by the government. • All pregnancies must be authorized

  6. Family PlanningOne Child Policy • Incentives • Monthly allowances • Free education and medical services • Disincentives • Fines • Repay awards

  7. China’s natural rate of change has fallen Recent Trends in China’s Population Growth China’s rate has fallen with fertility rates. It now takes the population 5 times as long to double as it did 25 years ago.

  8. Consequences • Population growth slowed • Aging population • Imbalanced sex ratio • Psychological consequences: • Currently around 70 million single child. • 4-2-1 syndrome (4 grand parents – 2 parents – 1 child)

  9. Age structure: “Graying populations” Demographers project that China’s population will become older over the next two decades.

  10. Age structure: “Graying populations” China’s aging population will mean fewer working-age citizens to finance social services for retirees.

  11. Sex ratios 100 females born to 106 males China: 100 females born to 117 males

  12. Family PlanningTwo Child Policy • Oct. 2015 • Married couples would be allowed to have a second child, • Only 12% of eligible families applied to have a second child http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34665539

  13. How did we reach 7,700,000,000 people?

  14. A few milestones • 10,000 b.c. agriculture • 1500’s new crops from Americas reach Europe • 1798 vaccinations • 1850 sewers were separated from drinking water, which was filtered and chlorinated • 1884 contraception • 1930 better nutrition, sanitation, health care • 1960 Green Revolution

  15. Homo sapien migration

  16. Hunter/Gatherer 200,000-10,000 ybp

  17. Aloha Stadium holds 50,000 # of H. sapien 200,000 ybp 10,000

  18. 10,000 ybp 2.4 million people 1.8 million Not 1.8 million

  19. Rise of agriculture • Syria-Palestine 9-10,000 years ago • Central American about 4-9,000 years ago • Chinese center about 8,500 years ago • New Guinean about 10,000 years ago • South American about 6,000 years ago • North American (Mississippi basin) between 2-4,000 years ago

  20. Crops from New World

  21. Jenner & vaccination 1800

  22. The Great Stink- London 1858

  23. Contraception 1900-1950

  24. A Square Meal Creamed, canned and frozen 1930’s Great Depression

  25. Green revolution Higher yields Pesticides Heavy equipment Fertilizer Lots of irrigation

  26. Growth Curves ? Exponential or logistic curve ? paramecium

  27. The human population is still growing rapidly 1350 Agricultural Revolution Hunter/ Gatherer Industrial Revolution

  28. World population has risen sharply “baby boom” • Global human population was <1 billion in 1800. • Population has doubled just since 1963. • We add 2.5 people every second (79 million/year).

  29. United States birth rate (births per 1000 population) Baby boom 1946-1964 1939-1945 WWII 1909 1919 1929 1939 1949 1959 1969 1979 1989 1999 2009

  30. Result of Large Populations pollution Greater need for resources starvation Reduction in biodiversity

  31. Rates of growth vary from region to region At today’s 1.2% global growth rate, the population will double in 58 years

  32. Factors Affecting Birth Rates and Total Fertility Rates • Children in Labor Force • Cost of raising and educating children • Availability of pension systems • Urbanization • Education and employment for women • Infant mortality rate • Average marrying age • Abortion • Availability of birth control

  33. Global Variation in Fertility Rate

  34. Is population growth really a problem? Population growth results from technology, medical care, sanitation, and food. Death rates drop, but not birth rates. Some people say growth is no problem. New resources will replace depleted ones. But some resources (i.e., biodiversity) are irreplaceable. Quality of life will suffer with unchecked growth. Less food, space, wealth per person

  35. Demography studies human populations Demography: the application of population ecology to the study of human populations Population size Density and distribution Age structure, sex ratio Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates

  36. Population size and density Predictions of population size depend on different assumptions about fertility rates.

  37. Population density and distribution

  38. Kenya, Afghanistan

  39. Japan, Italy

  40. United States

  41. Age Pyramid United States 2019 Baby boom

  42. Population growth depends on various factors Birth  Death  Immigration  Emigration  Technological advances led to dramatic decline in human death rates. Widening the gap between birth rates and death rates resulting in population expansion

  43. Worldwide, total fertility varies widely

  44. Family planning and TFR • Family planning, health care, and reproductive education can lower TFRs. A counselor advises African women on health care and reproductive rights.

  45. Poverty and population growth are correlated

  46. The Earth can’t support our consuming lifestyle Humanity’s global ecological footprint surpassed Earth’s capacity to support us in 1987.

  47. The wealth gap and population growth cause conflict

  48. Longevity (2018) • Lowest: Africa ( 65 & 61 years) • USA: ( 81 & 76) • Highest: Okinawa ( 90 & 84 years)

  49. QUESTION: Review What has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years? a) More women are having more babies. b) Death rates have dropped due to technology, medicine, and food. c) Fewer women are using contraceptives. d) More people are dying worldwide. e) Nothing. The population has dropped in recent years.

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