Eastern Hemisphere (Trade Patterns, Japan & Africa) Unit VIII

1. Eastern Hemisphere(Trade Patterns, Japan & Africa)Unit VIII World History I Mr. Pawlowski 2010 - 2011

2. Trade Patterns: 1000 – 1500 CE • Silk Routes: • Asia to the Mediterranean basin • Maritime routes: • across the Indian Ocean • Trans-Saharan routes: • across North Africa • Northern Europe: • links between Baltic & Black Sea • Western European: • Mediterranean Sea and river trade • Southeast Asia: • South China Sea and land routes

3. Silk Road

4. Trans-Saharan routes

5. Eastern Hemisphere routes

6. Exchange of Goods: • West Africa: • Gold • Indian Ocean: • Spices • Zanzibar Archipelago (Spice Islands) • India, China, Middle East & Europe: • Textiles (silk, cotton, etc.) • India: • Sandalwood • Persia: • Porcelain, Saffron Powder, Pistachios • China: • Porcelain, Silk, Gun Powder • Baltic Region: • Amber

7. Exchange of Technology: • China: • Paper: • Into Europe via Byzantium and the Islamic Civilization • Compass • Mechanical Clock • India: • new crops & techniques • ex: for making sugar • Indian Ocean: • lateen sail • Middle East: • waterwheels and windmills

8. Exchange of Ideas • Religions: • Buddhism: • Korea & Japan via China • Hinduism/Buddhism: • Southeast Asia via India • Islam: • West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia • Christianity: • Europe, Eurasia • Printing & Paper Money: • China • Culture: • art, architecture, music, dance, etc. • Languages

9. Geography • Japanese Archipelago: • est. 4,000 islands • Hokkaido • Honshu • Shikoku • Kyushu • Mountainous: • limited arable land: • 15% of land • limited natural resources: • coal, oil and iron • Bodies of Water: • Sea of Japan (East Sea) • Pacific Ocean • Yellow Sea • Natural Barriers • Isolation • Proximity to neighbors: • 120 miles – Korea • 500 miles – China

10. Influence of China: • Initial Contact: • Korean traders/travelers & immigrants • Prince Shotoku (574 – 622 CE): • 607 CE – initiated missions to study the Tang Dynasty in China • Buddhism: • Introduction(552 CE): • Korean king (Seong of Baekja) sent Buddhist monks to Japan • ‘Three Treasures Edict’ (594 CE): • official recognition of Buddhism by Empress Suiko • various schools are subsequently introduced and adopted • Relationship with Shinto: • rituals/beliefs coexist and/or merge • Writing: • adopt Chinese logographic characters (pictograph) • ‘kanji’ • Additional Influences: • Art • Architecture • Government • Culture & Lifestyle • Japanese traditions remained as Chinese influence increased • formal missions to China end in the late ninth century

11. Shinto (‘Way of the Gods’) • Indigenous religious beliefs & practices of Japan • Intimately tied to Japanese society and culture • Characteristics: • no sacred texts • no founder or founding date • Beliefs: • Polytheistic: • ‘kami’ – spirits/natural forces • dwelled within nature • Positive view of human nature: • ‘man is kami’s child’ • Ancestor Veneration: • adopted from Buddhism • ‘Imperial/State Shinto’: • worship of the emperor • divine origins of imperial family provides legitimacy • high point: 1868 - 1945 • Coexists with Buddhism: • tendency to interpret Shinto from a Buddhist viewpoint • ex: view kami as incarnations of buddhas or bodhisattvas • not separate/competing faiths, but a single complex religious system

12. Feudal Japan • Heian Period (794 – 1185 CE): • strong central government • Capital: Kyoto • landowners & clan chiefs begin to accumulate power • Feudal Japan (1185 - 1868 CE): • Society: • Peasants: • occupational class system: • Farmer • Craftsmen/Artisans • Merchants • Nobility • lords & warlords (daimyo) were given land for protection • Samurai: • loyal warriors/army who fought for their lord • Bushido: ‘way of the warrior’ • top of the 4-tiered class system • Emperor & Shogun: • Emperor: • ceremonial figurehead • capital: Kyoto • Shogun: • political authority • shogun: general & military dictator • Capital: • Kamakura Shogunate: Kamakura • MuromachShogunate: Kyoto • Edo Shogunate: Edo (Tokyo)

13. African Kingdoms

14. Axum (100 – 940 CE)

15. Axum • Location: • Ethiopian Highlands • South of Nubia (Kush) • Modern day: Northern Ethiopia & Southern Eritrea • Red Sea – East • Trade route linking India & Mediterranean • Nile River – North • Formation: • Merging of Arabs (Southwest Arabia) & Indigenous peoples (Kushite herders) • 1st King: Zoskales • Trade: • Exported: • Ivory, Frankincense, Myrrh & Slaves • Imported: • Textiles, Metal Goods, Wine & Olive Oil • King Ezana (Reign: est. 330 – 356 CE): • Conquest: • Southwest Arabia (Yemen) & Kush • Conversion: • Adopts Christianity and establishes it as the official religion • Contributions: • spread of Christianity: • Coptic Church of Egypt & Ethiopian Orthodox Church • written language: • Ge’ez • architecture: • stone & stelae • terrace farming • Decline: • Islamic conquest of the Red Sea and Northern Africa • forced into economic isolation • isolated from other Christian states • succeeded by the Zagwe Dynasty

16. Zimbabwe • Zimbabwe: • Shona: dzimbadzamabwe • ‘Great Stone Houses’ • Kalanga: nzi we mabwe • ‘Home Stead of Stone’ • Location: • Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers • fertile grassland • Indian Ocean • Modern Day: Zimbabwe • Shona (Language: Bantu): • Agriculture: • raised cattle and farmed • peanuts, pumpkins, sweet potatoes, etc. • Wealth: • Trades Gold and Ivory • Taxes traders • becomes wealthy & prosperous • Capital: • Great Zimbabwe • Decline: • Eclipsed as a political & economic power by the Kingdom of Mutapa • founded by a Zimbabwe prince: NyatsimbaMutota • 1450 CE– Great Zimbabwe is abandoned The Great Enclosure

17. West African Kingdoms Kingdom of Ghana Kingdom of Songhai Kingdom of Mali

18. Ghana • Ghana: • warrior king of the Soninke people • 1st: DingaCisse • Location: • Captial: • KumbiSaleh • sahel: • grassland transition between the Sahara (north) and Savannah (south) • Rivers: • Niger – East • Senegal – West • Modern Day: Mauritania & Mali • shift from agricultural kingdom: • Trade route control • Taxed good carried through territory • Introduction of the camel • Trade: • Arab & Berber traders crossed the desert (Trans-Saharan) • ‘camel train/caravan’ • Gold for Salt: • Abundant supply of gold • Limited amount of salt • Salt: preservative & aid in preventing dehydration • Decline: • Muslims became a dominant economic/political force • 1076 CE: Almoravid conquest • Incorporated into the Kingdom of Mali

19. Mali (1230 – 1610 CE)

20. Mali • Sundiata Keita (1217 – 1255 CE): • founder of the Mali Empire • conquered: Kingdom of Ghana • mansa: ‘king of kings’ or ‘emperor’ • promoted agriculture • reestablished the gold-salt trade • Capital: Niani • Mansa Musa (1312 – 1337 CE): • Characteristics: • skilled military leader • put down rebellions/expanded the empire • strong central government • centralized control over gold-salt trade • divided kingdom into provinces • Hajj: • gave away gold and traded gold for souvenirs • devalued gold in the region (Cairo, Mecca & Medina) • Timbuktu: • established as a city of trade & learning • attracted doctors, judges, religious leaders & scholars • constructed mosques, universities & libraries • center of Islamic learning & culture • IbnBattuta (1304 – 1368 CE): • Rihla • Decline: • Ineffective leaders • subject states break away • gold trade moved east • Berber conquest • rise of the Kingdom of Songhai

21. Songhai (1468 – 1591 CE)

22. Songhai • Sunni Ali (Reign: 1464 – 1492 CE): • captured Timuktu & Djenne • gave Songhai control over the lucrative gold-salt trade • Capital: Gao • Askia Muhammad Toure (1442 – 1538 CE): • ‘Golden Age’ • expanded the empire • divided the empire into provinces • established a bureaucracy • devout Muslim • Decline: • 1591 CE: Overthrown by the Sultan of Morocco • gunpowder & canons