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INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE AND GERUND). DEFINITIONS. Infinitive : A verbal noun, similar in function to the English infinitive ( to love etc.). Labōrāre est ōrāre To work is to pray
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INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES (INCLUDING GERUNDIVE AND GERUND)
DEFINITIONS • Infinitive: A verbal noun, similar in function to the English infinitive (to love etc.). • Labōrāre est ōrāreTo work is to pray • Participle: An adjective formed from a verb and also functioning as a noun for people doing, having done something etc. • Caesar, omnibus hostibus superātīs, Rōmam rediit. With all his enemies defeated, Caesar returned to Rome • Gerundive: A verbal adjective acting rather like a future passive participle (going to be ---ed) but also expressing the idea of necessity or obligation. • Dēlenda est CarthāgōCarthage must be destroyed • Gerund: a verbal noun identical in form to the neuter singular of the gerundive. It is not used in the nominative, for which the infinitive is used instead. • Amīcōs defendendī causā pugnāvimusWe fought for the sake of defending our friends • Supine: A verbal noun identical in the accusative (-um) to the neuter singular of the past participle and with an ablative/dative in -ū. • Hic liber dignus est lectūThis book is worth reading
PARTICIPLE FORMATION • Present: • The –ns, -ntis ending for the present participle is normally added to the base used in the Imperfect tense • The verb esse had no present participle in the classical period but a form ens, entis came into use in the Middle Ages. • The common irregular verb eō (go) has u before the nt: iēns, euntis • The participle declines like an ordinary third declension adjective but the ablative singular ends in –e, not –ī if the participle is felt to be more verbal than adjectival in meaning: • Cum puellā canente ambulābamI was walking with a girl who was singing • Cum puellā canentī ambulābamI was walking with a girl who was a singer • Perfect: • The fourth of a verb’s four `principal parts.’ • Always ends in –tus, -sus, or –xus • Future: • Formed from the perfect participle by inserting –ūr- before the endings. With intransitive verbs, a future participle may be formed from what the perfect participle would have been if one existed! E.g. ventūrus, about to come
GERUNDIVE • A passive verbal adjective (sometimes described as a future passive participle) usually formed by adding –ndus, -a, -um to the base used in forming the imperfect tense and present participle. In the third and fourth conjugations,u can be used instead of e : • amābat > amandus docēbat > docendus • regēbat > regendus (regundus) audiēbat > audiendus (audiundus) • Used for expressing necessity, with the person who needs to act put in the Dative. The most natural english translation is usually in the active voice: • Nōbis haec vocābula ēdiscenda sunt.We have to learn these words by heart. • Mihi theātrum relinquendum est.I have to leave the theatre. • Also used in noun phrases where English would prefer the (active) gerund in –ing or two nouns: • Dē castrīs defendendīs colloquāmurLet’s talk about defending the camp/the defence of the camp.
GERUND • A verbal noun, identical to the neuter of the gerundive, but used in the active sense. • Equivalent to the English –ing form of the verb, which is called a gerund when it is used like a noun but a present participle when it is an adjective • Can be used in a noun phrase with a noun in the accusative in place of a gerundive phrase but this tends to happen only when gerundive and noun both have long endings (especially genitive plural): • dē amīcīs defendendīs (with gerundive) is better than dē amīcōs defendendō (with gerund) • amīcōs defendendī causā (with gerund) is better than amīcōrum defendendōrum causā (with gerundive)
SUPINE • Normally identical with the neuter singular of the past participle and therefore used as the fourth principal part of a transitive verb; not often used in sentences. • With īrī,forms the future passive infinitive. This is used in indirect stement but often the construction with fore ut (to be going to be that)plus subjunctive is preferred: • Nōn putābam Henrīcum superātum īrī / fore ut Henrīcus superārēturI didn’t think Henry would be defeated. • Can be used to express purpose after a verb of motion: : • Petrus cubitum it.Peter goes to lie down (i.e. goes to bed) [verb is cubō, cubāre, cubuī, cubitum ] • There is a special ablative form in –ū which can be used with adjectives in expressions such as mīrābile dictū(strange to say), liber est lēctū dignus (the book is worth reading)
INFINITIVES Note that most infinitives are invariable (endings do not change) but that when they contain a perfect or future participle, they are declined like bonus – bona – bonum. The future passive infinitive in –um īrī (to be going to ____ ed) is rarely used and, where one would expect it in indirect statement, is normally replaced by a paraphrase with fore ut (`to be going to be that’) plus the subjunctive: Putāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superentur?Do you hink our soldiers will be defeated? Putābāsne fore ut mīlitēs nostrī superārentur? Did you think our soldiers would be defeated?
