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Gerunds and Gerundives. More Verbals !. GERUND: Verbal NOUN. GERUNDIVE: Verbal ADJECTIVE. Gerunds fill the cases other than nominative:. To form a Gerund:. 2 nd principal part: AMARE; AUDIRE; drop the –RE Add –[ i e ] nd to the stem: AMAND-; AUDIEND-
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Gerunds and Gerundives More Verbals!
To form a Gerund: • 2nd principal part: AMARE; AUDIRE; drop the –RE • Add –[ie]nd to the stem: AMAND-; AUDIEND- • for –io verbs of 3rd and 4th conjugation, you should end up with –ie- before the –nd- (Add an i or e as needed.) • Add case endings: • Gen: -i AMANDI; AUDIENDI • Dat: -ō AMANDO; AUDIENDO • Acc: -um AMANDUM; AUDIENDUM • Abl: -ō AMANDO; AUDIENDO
Gerunds in Ecclesiastes • Omnia tempus habent, • Et suisspatiistranseuntuniversa sub caelo. • Tempus nascendi, et tempus moriendi; • Tempus plantandi; et tempus evellendi quod plantatum est. • Tempus occidendi, et tempus sanandi; • Tempus destruendi, et tempus aedificandi.
Tempus flendi, et tempus ridendi; • Tempus plangendi, et tempus saltandi. • Tempus spargendilapides et tempus colligendi, • Tempus amplexandi, et tempus longefieriabamplexibus. • Tempus acquirendi, et tempus perdendi; • Tempus custodiendi, et tempus abiciendi.
Tempus scindendi, et tempus consuendi; • Tempus tacendi, et tempus loquendi. • Tempus dilectionis, et tempus odii; • Tempus belli, et tempus pacis.
Gerundive = Verbal Adjective • Gerundive = Future PASSIVE Participle • 30 forms (adjective –us, -a, -um chart) • How to form it: • 2nd principal part • Drop –re • Add –ndus, -nda, -ndum, etc. • vocarevocandus, vocanda, vocandum, etc. • Translate: “to be [verb]ed” • vocandus: “[about] to be called” • Puerum a matrevocandumvidi. I saw the boy about to be called by his mother.
Gerundive Derivatives • tremendous • memorandum • Amanda • reverend • agenda • addenda • legend • corrigenda • referendum • propaganda • to be respected • to be read • to be corrected • to be feared • to be brought back • to be added • to be loved • to be extended • to be remembered • to be done
Future Passive Periphrastic By Magistra Candy Baehr To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious” Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-i-dundive You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive Use for obligation or necessity: “Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”
Future Passive Periphrastic • Gerundive plus a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus • Translate “must be [verb]ed” • Use DATIVE to show agent (“by whom” it must be done) • Libermihilegendus est. • liber = the book • legendusest = must be read (Future Pass. Peri.) • mihi = by me (Dative of Agent) • Use neuter nom sing gerundive to make it impersonal: “it must be [verb]ed” • agendum est = it must be done • mihi agendum est = it must be done by me I must do it
Future Passive Periphrastic By Magistra Candy Baehr To the tune of “Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious” Future Passive Periphrastic Ex-pi-al-i-dundive You just take a form of SUM and then add the Gerundive Use for obligation or necessity: “Future Passive Periphrastic must be learned by me!”
Translate Gerundives! • Cogendamensestutincipiat.The mind ____________ to begin. • Haec non tangendasunt.These things _____________________. • Rex civibusesttimendus.A king ______________ by the citizens. • Orandumestut sit menssana in corporesano.It ______ that there be a sound mind in a sound body. • Utendumestaetate; citopedelabituraetas.Time ___________; a lifetime slips by on a swift foot.
Translate Gerundives! • Pro urbe et deisestcertandum.For city and gods _______________. • De gustibus non estdisputandum.Concerning tastes, _____________. • Bellum nectimendumnecprovocandum est.War neither ___________ nor ___________. • Nuncestbibendum, nuncpedelibropulsanda [est] tellus…Now one ____________, one must __________ the earth with dancing foot…
Dative of Agent • If there is a form of sum, esse, fui, futurus with a gerundive, that’s the Future Passive Periphrastic. Translate as “must be [verb]ed.” • With the FPP, a dative noun/pronoun is the Agent. Translate as “by ____”. • E.G.: Multi libriCiceronilegendierant. • Many books had to be readby Cicero. • Cicero had to read many books.
Translate with FPP and Dative of Agent… • Armamihiinveniendasunt._____ have to find _______________. • Hic ritusomnibusspectanduserat.This ceremony had to be ________ by ____ • Urbsunipueroservanda est.__________ must save the ____________. • Oraculumregiconsulendumerit.________ will have to be consulted by _____.
Gerundive of Purpose • ad [noun] [gerundive] • [noun] [gerundive] causā • [noun] [gerundive] gratiā • Romamveniunt ad ludosspectandos.ludorumspectandorumcausā.ludorumspectandorumgratiā. • They come to Rome to see the games. N.B.: The noun the gerundive modifies = the Direct Object of the gerundive’s verb.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Iuvenes ad palaestramibantut corpora confirmarent. • The young men went to the gym to strengthen their bodies. • Iuvenes ad palaestramibantad___________. • Iuvenes ad palaestramibant_________causā. • Iuvenes ad palaestramibant________ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Discipuli ad grammaticummissisuntutlinguamGraecamdiscerent. • The students were sent to the teacher to learn the Greek language. • Discipuli ad grammaticummissisuntad___________. • Discipuli ad grammaticummissisunt_________causā. • Discipuli ad grammaticummissisunt________ gratiā.
Rewrite the sentence using the three gerundive of purpose constructions: ad, causā, and gratiā • Diutissimemanseruntutprincipemsalutarent. • They stayed a very long time to greet the emperor. • Diutissimemanseruntad___________. • Diutissimemanserunt_________causā. • Diutissimemanserunt________ gratiā.
