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Cardio vascular system

Cardio vascular system. BLOOD. Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat Total blood volume for a 70kg male is ~5litres 55% blood fluid is plasma, 45% is blood cells and platelets. BLOOD. PLATELETS <1%: assist in repair

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Cardio vascular system

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  1. Cardiovascularsystem

  2. BLOOD • Transport gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, heat • Total blood volume for a 70kg male is ~5litres • 55% blood fluid is plasma, 45% is blood cells and platelets

  3. BLOOD • PLATELETS <1%: assist in repair • WBC’S <1%: Leucocyctes– immune function, protection from infection • RBC’s 40-45%: erythrocytes – amount in the body is dependant on fitness and gender

  4. BLOOD • CO2 is transported in the blood in the form of bicarbonate • O2 is less soluble in plasma, but easily attaches to hemoglobin – an iron-rich pigment

  5. BLOOD • Q&A • What is EPO? And what does it do? • Why is it advantageous for an endurance athlete to have a higher concentration of RBC’s? • How can an athlete naturally increase their RBC stores? • What are some ways athletes are illegally to increase their RBC’s?

  6. CIRCULATION • Arteries: thick muscular walls; O2 rich; transport blood away from the heart • Veins: deoxygenated blood; less muscular; valves to prevent back flow • Capillaries: narrow vessels with thin walls; site of exchange between blood & tissue

  7. CIRCULATION PATHWAY Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venuoles Veins

  8. HEART • PULMONARY CIRCULATION • Delivers deoxygenated blood from right side of the heart to the lungs • SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION • Delivers oxygenated blood from left side of the heart to the body

  9. THE CARDIAC CYCLE • Atrium: receives blood from a vein • Ventricle: thicker walled, pushes blood out of the heart into arteries • Valves: between chambers; ensures blood travels in 1 direction only

  10. THE CARDIAC CYCLE • Contraction of the heart is initiated by an impulse in the pacemaker (located in the right atrium) • The impulse travels through the heart muscle causing contractions in the correct sequence • Contraction rate is affected by hormones & the nervous system

  11. BLOOD PRESSURE • Systolic pressure: • Ventricle contracting & forcing blood out • Diastolic pressure: • Ventricle relaxing

  12. BLOOD PRESSURE • Healthy blood pressure = 120mmHg (systolic) 80mmHg (diastolic) • Low blood pressure = 90-100/50-60 • High blood pressure = 140/100

  13. BP Q&A • What is your blood pressure? • TO DO: green box p.41 • Explain what happens to blood flow distribution during exercise • Draw Figure 2.7 (page 42) • What is cardiac output and how is it measured? • What happens to cardiac output during exercise and why? • TO DO: green box p.43 • READ ‘To think about’ p. 43

  14. VO2max • There are limits to how far the body can be pushed • Each person has different tolerance levels • VO2max is commonly used to measure aerobic capacity • It is the maximum rate an individual can take in and use oxygen

  15. VO2max • Amount of air going in and out is measured as exercise intensity progressively increases • VO2max is reached when the person can no longer continue “aerobic capacity”

  16. VO2max • VO2max quantifies the maximum rate that an individual can take in and use O2 • This value is of great interest for elite endurance athletes = aerobic capacity

  17. FICK EQUATION Relationship bw max cardiac output, arterio-venous O2 difference & VO2max VO2max = max cardiac output X max arterio-venous O2difference *Complete ‘To do’ p. 44

  18. VO2max • ABSOLUTE VO2max = L.min -1 • RELATIVE VO2max = ml.kg-1.min-1 • (takes body mass into account; used for weight bearing activities) *Read p.45 text • Explain how gender, age and type of exercise affect VO2max • How does training increase VO2max?

  19. SUMMARY • Read Theory of Knowledge box on p.48 • Can you think of at least 2 factors (geographical, physiological, training, psychosocial, economic or cultural) that East Africans have to their advantage when producing endurance athletes? • Review self-study questions p. 48-49

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