Human Trafficking

1. Human Trafficking Judy Hale Reed, Lauren Sullivan judy.hale.reed@gmail.com, sulliv13@duq.edu Western PA Human Trafficking Coalition Duquesne University Human Trafficking Training [DATE HERE]

2. Presentation Objectives • What is human trafficking? • How does a trafficker exert control over another person? • What populations are vulnerable to traffickers? • What does human trafficking look like globally, nationally, and in Pittsburgh? • What can I do to combat trafficking?

3. Trafficking Defined a. Commercial sex acts induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such acts is under 18 years old b. Recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services using force, fraud, or coercion to subject the individual to involuntary servitude

4. Trafficking Defined • Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 • Defined human trafficking • Made human trafficking a federal crime • Created sentencing guidelines for traffickers • Provided victims (“survivors”) with access to federal benefits

5. Types of Trafficking Sex Trafficking • Adults: Force, fraud, or coercion • Minors: No proof of force, fraud, or coercion required Labor Trafficking • Force, fraud, or coercion • Includes Domestic Servitude

6. Force • Kidnapping • Physical violence, rape, sexual abuse, harassment • Confinement, use of restraints • Denial of food, water, medical care, contraceptives, condoms, communication, etc • Removal of children • Concealment of whereabouts to friends/family

7. Fraud • Promises of immigration or travel documents • Required to perform work other than agreed upon • Promises of salary or compensation that never materializes • Misrepresentation of work/conditions of work

8. Coercion • Debt bondage • Threats of serious harm to victim or victim’s friends/family • Trafficker controls victim’s contact with friends/family • Threatening to use pictures against victim • Withholding documents • Punishment of others • Quotas • Verbal or psychological abuse

9. Vulnerable Populations • Minors – “hello” • Homeless, esp. youth, LGBT • Drug/alcohol abusers • Mentally challenged • Uneducated • Cultural background • People without language skills • Former convicts/arrestees

10. Vulnerable Pops. - cont “I didn’t believe in police. I really believed what my trafficker said. My trafficker said they would put you in jail; they will send you back…she said in this country, dogs have more rights. And I believe, I believe everything she said because she has been living here a long time, she knows, she speaks English, she has money, everything, and I didn’t have anything.” -”Esperanza” Trafficking Survivor

11. Human Trafficking vs. Alien Smuggling

12. Worldwide Stats (2012 TIP Report) • 20.9 million estimated in forced labor and forced prostitution around the world (ILO) • 7,206 trafficking prosecutions; 508 labor • 4,239 trafficking convictions; 237 labor • 41,210 victims identified

13. Western Hemisphere Stats(North, South, Central America, 2012 TIP Report) • 1,023 trafficking prosecutions; 42 labor • 318 trafficking convictions; 52 labor • 9,839 victims identified

14. Industries Labor Trafficking • Sweatshop factories • Migrant agricultural work • Restaurant work • Hotel/motel housekeeping • Construction/ Landscaping • Magazine sales crews • Cattle and sheep herding • Elder care facilities • Hair braiding • Nail salons Commercial Sex • Prostitution • Dancing • Pornography • Live sex shows • Brothels Domestic Servitude • Housekeeping • Child rearing

15. Different Crimes Overlap UNCLASSIFIED

16. The Victim – U.S. Citizens Push Factors • Discord at home • Homelessness • Mental health or addiction problems Pull Factors • Better paying jobs/pay off debt • “Loving” partner • Availability of drugs/alcohol • Food, shelter, material possessions

17. The Victim – Foreign Nationals Push Factors – Origin/ Transit Countries • War • Repression • Economy • Same issues as domestic victims Pull Factors – Destination Countries • Better paying jobs/pay off debt • Promises of better life • False marriages • Recruitment by traffickers

18. The Victim – Foreign Nationals Vulnerable Visa Pattern 2 • Recruiter as visa is expiring/overstay • Promised visa extension • Debt in exchange for extension • Identity documents taken • Deportation threats • Harsh conditions Vulnerable Visa Pattern 1 • Recruiter in home country • Promised income • Debt in exchange for visa • Debt manipulated • Harsh conditions • Deportation threats

19. Indicators • Was the victim recruited for one job but forced to engage in a different job? • Was the victim a juvenile? • Was the victim compelled to perform sexual acts? • Did the victim have freedom of movement? • Did the victim have contact with family or friends?

20. Indicators - cont. • Was the victim deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care, or other necessities? • Was the victim or victim’s family threatened if the victim attempted to flee? • Was the victim threatened with deportation or law enforcement action? • Was the victim’s salary garnished to pay debts? • Was the victim in possession of identification documents?

21. Western PA Human Trafficking Coalition • The coalition is a victim-focused, collaborative effort between social service organizations, government agencies, advocacy groups, religious organizations, academia, concerned citizens, and law enforcement to combat human trafficking

22. Western PA Human Trafficking Coalition • Mission: develop and maintain a network of people and agencies to educate the community about human trafficking and to provide and coordinate emergent support to survivors.

23. Western PA Human Trafficking Coalition • Food • Lodging • Clothing • Physical healthcare • Mental healthcare • Legal assistance • Language/ESL classes • Transportation

24. Contact Information-Nonprofits Polaris Project • 1-888-3737-888 • Confidential help and information 24/7 • http://www.polarisproject.org Project to End Human Trafficking • 412-578-6478 • http://www.endhumantrafficking.org

25. Contact Information-Gov. Agencies FBI Pittsburgh Civil Rights Hotline • 412-432-4122 Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) • 1-866-347-2423 • http://www.dhs.gov/humantrafficking In an emergency, call 911

26. “I freed a thousand slaves, I could have freed a thousand more if only they knew they were slaves.” -Harriet Tubman

27. Conclusion • Human trafficking is a growing problem in Pittsburgh and throughout the world • A unified approach is necessary to identify victims and investigate/prosecute traffickers Questions?