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Research Methodology

Research Methodology. Abdulelah Nuqali Intern. Research. Anatomy. Physiology. What it’s made of. How it works. Anatomy. What it’s made of. Anatomy. The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol

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Research Methodology

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  1. Research Methodology Abdulelah Nuqali Intern

  2. Research Anatomy Physiology • What it’s made of • How it works

  3. Anatomy • What it’s made of

  4. Anatomy • The structure of a research project is set out in itsprotocol • Which is helping the investigator to organize her/his research in a logical, focused, and efficient way

  5. Outline of the Study Protocol • Research questions • Background and significance • Design • Subjects • Variables • Statistical issues

  6. Research questions Should people eat more fish?

  7. Research questions How often do Saudi people eat fish?

  8. Research questions Does eating fish lower the risk of cardiovascular disease?

  9. Research questions Do fish oil supplements have the same effects on cardiovascular disease as dietary fish?

  10. Good Research question

  11. New Questions Arise Question Identified Results Interpreted Hypotheses Formed Data Collected Research Plan Closed-loop conceptualization of the research process (Drew, Hardman, and Hart, 1996)

  12. Study Design Experimental Observational Randomized Clinical Trial Descriptive Analytical Case Report Case-Control Case Series Cohort Cross Sectional

  13. Observational Descriptive

  14. Case Series • Analytical study of multiple patients • “ rare” phenomenon occurring multiple times

  15. Case Report • Analytical study of one patient • Detailed profile of a “ rare” presentation or unusual side effect of drug

  16. Cross Sectional • A descriptive survey • One to one questionnaire, Email, telephone, online

  17. Example: • You interview subjects about current and past history of fish intake and correlates results with history of CHD

  18. Advantages of a cross sectional study • Cheap • Fast • Simple

  19. Disadvantages of a cross sectional study • Failing to take time • Biases: Selection bias Information bias Confounding bias

  20. Observational Analytical

  21. Note: • Exposure = Risk Factor • Outcome = Disease

  22. Case-Control

  23. Example: • You examine a group of patients with CHD and compares them with a group who did not have CHD (the controls), asking about past fish intake CHD High fish intake No CHD Low fish intake

  24. Cohort

  25. Example: • The investigator measures fish intake at baseline and periodically examines subjects at follow-up visits to see if those who eat more fish have fewer coronary heart disease (CHD) events CHD High fish intake No CHD Low fish intake

  26. Experimental Randomized Clinical Trials

  27. Randomized Clinical Trial

  28. Example: • You randomly assign subjects to receive fish oil supplements or placebo, then follows both treatment groups for several years to observe the incidence of CHD

  29. Randomized designs • Methods of randomization: – Several choices, from “flipping a coin” to stratified randomization • Blinding/masking: – Participant, study investigator (and anybody else involved in follow-up) – Ideally, double-blinded

  30. Physiology • How it works

  31. Physiology • Internal validity • External validity (also called generalizability)

  32. The Last Slide • Can I do research? Yes • How? Assemble a research team Ask a general question Do a literature search Ask a good research question Find a mentor Conduct your research project

  33. Thank you @abdulelahnuqaliabdulelah.n@gmail.com abdulelahn.blogspot.com

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