Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Key Issue 3: Why are different places similar?

2. 3 major concepts • Explain why two places or regions can display similar features • Scale: From local to global • Space: Distribution of Features • Connections between places

3. Scale: From Local to Global • What are some examples of a local scale? • State • Town/City • Neighborhood • Global scales show broad patterns of entire world • Where is population growing? • Religion • Location of industry/factories

4. Globalization • The world is becoming interdependent on a global scale • More uniform world • Small scales are becoming less important • Few people can live without global interaction

5. Globalization • Every place in world is part of global economy • Different specializations • Raw materials • Workers • Transnational Corporation • Invest and operate in many countries • Communication & Transportation make for easy trade

6. Globalization of the Economy Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.

7. Starbucks • Largest coffee shop in the world • Over 17,000 stores in 55 countries • Coffee grown all over the world • TNCs • Choose location best for • Raw materials • Produce parts • Sell products • Manage operations

8. Globalization of Economy • Transnational Corporations • Play a large part in spatial division of labor • What areas have cheap labor force? • Policies on unions? • Safety standards? • Worker skills?

9. Globalization of Culture • All around world people wear Nikes, eat McDonalds, drink Coca-Cola • English is the unofficial language of globalization • People all over world are displaying less differences and more similarities in culture • Local culture/traditions are threatened • Africans converting to Christianity or Islam • Al-Qaeda terrorism, opposed to globalization Globalization Video

10. Space: Distribution of Features • Arrangement of people and activities around world • Why are they distributed the way they are? • An action at one point in space can result from something happening somewhere else AND can affect conditions elsewhere

11. Distribution • The arrangement of a feature in space • Ex: A building or a community Three Main Properties: • Concentration • Density • Pattern

12. Density • The frequency with which something occurs in space • People, houses, cars, volcanoes • Kilometers, miles, acres, etc • Arithmetic Density • Total number of objects in an area • Number of people divided by its area • Ex: 345 persons per square mile

13. Distribution:Density, Concentration, & Pattern Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may vary in an area or landscape.

14. Density • Physiological Density • Number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture • Does that country have enough food to sustain population? • Agricultural Density • Number of farmers per unit area of farmland

15. Concentration • The extent of a feature’s spread over space • Clustered • Objects close together • Dispersed • Objects far apart

16. Pattern • Geometric arrangement of objects in space • Draw a map of your neighborhood • Draw a map of your ideal neighborhood • Dispersed or clustered? • Any pattern? • Google Maps

17. Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952 & 2007 Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.

18. Gender and Ethnic Diversity in Space • Looks at location based on gender and ethnicity • How do families choose location of home? • Mom? Dad? Where are their daily activities? • Neighborhoods usually consist of one color • People want to reinforce their cultural identity w similar people • Homosexuals • Similar trends of living where they “fit in”

19. Diffusion • Process by which a characteristic spreads across space over time • Hearth: where it originates • Relocation Diffusion: spread of an idea through physical movement of people • Ethnic Restaurants in Silver Spring?

20. Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962 Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

21. Airline Route Networks Fig. 1-21: Continental Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.

22. Diffusion • Expansion Diffusion: snowball process of spreading • Hierarchical • Contagious • Stimulus

23. Hierarchical Diffusion • Spread of an idea from an authority to other persons • Fashion Design • Rap music

24. Contagious Diffusion • Rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout population • Flu • AIDS prevention • Internet: ideas spread quickly • Like the wave

25. AIDS Diffusion in the US, 1981-2002 Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.

26. Swine Flu • Current outbreak of swine flu in U.S. • 162 cases this year (only 13 last year) • What might a human geographer ask about the outbreak to better understand it?

27. Which type of diffusion?

28. Stimulus Diffusion • Spread of an underlying principle • Principle often adopts changes • Example: McDonalds in India • Hamburgers vs Veggie burgers

29. Diffusion of Culture and Economy • Transportation & Communication • Rapidly diffuse raw materials, goods, services & capital • Every area of world is affected • 3 major centers: North America, Western Europe & Japan • Adv. Technology, capital, wealth • affects the rest of world • Farmers who used to provide for family, now forced to mass produce crops for TNCs

30. Uneven Development • Increasing economic gap between regions in core and periphery • Wealth continues to grow in Core areas, leaving parts of world behind • Cultural Aspects • Communication is known throughout world, but not accessible to all. • Restricted access due to wealth, gender, minorities

31. Big Mac Geography