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Chapter 15

Announcements. Announcements. Remember: Last Day to Drop is Thursday November 16th. End of Semester Roadmap. Today: Chapter 15 Wrapup Chapter 16Thursday: Chapter 16 (Part 2) and possibly return Exam

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Chapter 15

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    1. Chapter 15 Personality (Wrapup)

    2. Announcements

    3. Announcements Remember: Last Day to Drop is Thursday November 16th

    4. End of Semester Roadmap Today: Chapter 15 Wrapup + Chapter 16 Thursday: Chapter 16 (Part 2) and possibly return Exam #3 Chapter 17 (Psychotherapy) November 13th and 15th

    5. End of Semester Roadmap Chapter 17 (Psychotherapy) November 8th, 13th, and 15th Chapter 18 (Social Psych) November 15th (“if time permits”) November 20th Review of Exam 1 Material for the Final

    6. End of Semester Roadmap November 20th Review of Exam 1 Material for the Final November 22nd Thanksgiving Holiday November 27th Review of Exam 2 Material for the Final Exam 4: Monday November 26th through Saturday December 1st November 29th Review of Exam 3 Material for the Final

    7. Testing

    8. Did anyone try this test? Keirsey (http://www.keirsey.com/)

    9. Rorschach Card 1

    10. Testing (Review) Originally Developed from work of Trait Theorists A few important people in the field of testing Gordon Allport (Trait Theory) Eysenck and Eysenck (Read Textbook) Cattell (Developed 16PF) Spearman (Developed Statistical Techniques)

    11. Testing A few important people in the field of testing Herman Rorschach (inkblot test) Alfred Binet (original develop of IQ)

    12. Testing Which of the following was NOT an important figure in the field of testing? Gordon Allport B F Skinner Cattell Alfred Binet

    13. Testing Who was the original developer of the IQ test? Gordon Allport B F Skinner Cattell Alfred Binet

    14. Testing: Rorschach Developed by a Swiss Psychiatrist Ten (10) cards which are highly standardized A Century Old Originally suffered from a problems with validity (and possibly reliably)

    15. Testing: Rorschach Solving Problems with the Rorschach John Exner developed a statistical or ‘actuarial’ version of the test called “The Comprehensive System”

    16. Rorschach: Exner Although the debate continues over the Rorschach, here are a few notable facts: As of the early 1990’s data for over 20,000 test administrations had been collected and analyzed. Of all the projective tests, the Rorschach (by far) has the greatest data collected and greatest number of reliability and validity studies Only Projective Tests can be used for certain populations Illiterate Adults Children under a certain age, usually under about 8 to 10 years of age

    17. Rorschach: Exner One persuasive reason to use projective tests such as the Rorschach: Only Projective Tests can measure subtle aspects of intelligence Only Projective Tests can detect psychopathology from constellations that include non-obvious items Only Projective Tests can be used for certain populations Only Projective Tests can measure the Locus of Control Properly

    18. Testing: Factor Analysis Based on Correlation Part of a family of related statistical techniques including Principal Components Analysis Cluster Analysis Discriminant Analysis (Used in the MMPI) Canonical Correlation How “TiVO” predicts what you might “like” to watch on television How certain music services such as iTunes predict what songs you might like

    19. Testing: Discriminant Analysis (Discrim) Used to Build the MMPI Identifies Group Membership Could be misused Possible Ethical Issues Also used by the financial community (to determine if someone should be given a loan)

    20. Testing: Factor Analysis & Discrim Associated with “Data Mining” on the Internet Controversial in commercial use because of an invasion of privacy Allows prediction of traits, conduct, or behavior from non-obvious items For example, FA & Discrim could be used for racist or sexist purposes, or to discriminate on basis of religion

    21. Testing: Factor Analysis Associated with many psychological tests, notably Eysenck Personality Inventory MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Cattell’s 16PF Five Factor Personality Inventory Jackson Personality Inventory And many others

    22. Factor Analysis: Cattel Cattell’s 16PF (Sixteen Personality Factors) was the original “factor analysis” based personality test

    23. Testing: Factor Analysis Which of the following was the original factor analysis based personality inventory? Eysenck Personality Inventory MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) Cattell’s 16PF Five Factor Personality Inventory

    24. Testing: MMPI The MMPI was developed by the University of Minnesota in the 1940’s by Starke R. Hathaway, PhD, and J. C. McKinley, Based on Discriminant Analysis as well as Factor Analysis Using Discrim can predict “group membership” using “constellations” of answers Has non-obvious items that contribute to constellations Has “Lie Scales”

    25. Testing: MMPI Structure of the MMPI: Built on “constellations” of answers to questions, including obvious and non-obvious (subtle) questions MMPI-2 has 567 Items, all true or false, takes about 1 to 2 hours to complete Atheoretical: psychological theories (Freud, Behaviorism, etc.) have no meaning for the MMPI (only Empirical Data)

    26. Testing: MMPI Which of the following does NOT describe the MMPI: Constellations true or false Projective Atheoretical

    27. Testing: MMPI Ten (10) Main Scales Ten (10 Subsidiary Scales Three (3) Lie Scales 100’s of Independently Developed Scales

    28. Testing: MMPI One Independently Developed Scale could predict, with 80% to 90% accuracy, membership in a group based on women in prison who murdered their husbands

    29. Testing: Eyesenck Two Scales under Eyesenck & Eyesenck Stable v. Unstable Introvert v. Extravert

    30. Testing: Five Factor The Five Factor Test expanded the Eyesenck model, keeping Intraversion v. Extraversion but adding four other scales

    31. Testing: Five Factors (p. 619) Conscientiousness Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion

    32. Testing: Five Factors (p. 619) Highly Conscientiousness tend to be “larks” (morning types) Evening types, or “owls,” tend to be marginally more extraverted

    33. Testing: Five Factors (p. 619) Five Factor Test has withstood Cross-Cultural Validation Personality Factors are relatively stable with age

    34. Testing: Five Factors (p. 619) The Five Factor was developed using Canonical Correlation Projective Testing Depth Psychology Factor Analysis

    35. Testing: Validity & Reliability Two essential characteristics of a good test are validity and reliability Reliability: test produces same or similar results over time Validity: test measures what it says it measures

    36. Trait v. Situation (p. 619) Personality Trait measures are stable over time but do not consistently predict our reactions in specific situations

    37. Trait v. Situation (p. 619) Personality Trait measures are stable over time but do not consistently predict our reactions in specific situations; this is called the “person-situation controversy” (p. 620)

    38. Trait v. Situation (p. 619) Arguments as to whether people’s behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize: Reciprocal Determinism The person-situation controversy Self-serving bias The False Consensus Effect

    39. Trait v. Situation (p. 619) Please review the material on pp. 619-622 on your own. The possiblity exists that I may derive one or two alternative questions from this material. Especially know and be able to compare the studies of Walter Mischel, Seymour Epstein, and Samuel Gosling

    40. Reciprocal Determinism (p. 623) Bandura (remember Bandura?) called the process of interacting with our environment reciprocal determinism. “Behavior, internal personal factors, and environmental influences all operate as inerlocking determinants of each other.”

    41. Reciprocal Determinism (pp. 623-624) Different people choose different environments (we self-select) And, having chosen an environment, the environment then shapes us How would this apply to environments that we do not choose? Our personalities (traits) shape how we interpret and react to events Our personalities help create situations to which we react

    42. Reciprocal Determinism (pp. 623-624) Behavior emerges from an interplay of external and internal influences But, never forget Development (Chapter Four) and Sensation & Perception (Chapters Five & Six)

    43. Locus of Control (pp. 625-626) External Locus of Control: perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate Internal Locus of Control: the perception one controls one’s own fate

    44. Locus of Control: Learned Helplessness First researched by Seligman “People, when repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which they have no control, come to feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.” But, compare, (1) Learned Optimism, and (2) Frankl’s Logotherapy

    45. Locus of Control: Learned Helplessness Implications for Prisons Nursing Homes Factories Even Colleges

    46. Locus of Control: The Tyranny of Choice “Having Control,” alone, is not the answer. Barry Schwartz, in The Tyranny of Choice, points out that “excessive freedom” (too many choices) leads to more stress, not less. (p. 626) Simplified User Interfaces are having greater success: TiVO Google

    47. Locus of Control: Learned Helplessness First researched by Seligman using dogs subjected to electric shocks “People, when repeatedly faced with traumatic events over which they have no control, come to feel helpless, hopeless, and depressed.” But, compare, (1) Learned Optimism, and (2) Frankl’s Logotherapy

    48. Learned Optimism: Seligman We have covered the basics of Seligman’s work several times in class already Please read the material on pp. 627-629 and be prepared for one or more questions

    49. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Seligman is at the University of Pennsylvania (an Ivy League School) Seligman first researched Learned Helplessness Seligman’s original work did not account for “survivors” among his test subjects Seligman developed a test instrument with three dimensions that measured attributional style

    50. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Seligman’s Three Dimensions of Attributional Style Internal v. External (Locus of Control) Global v. Local Stable v. Unstable Optimist Good Events are Internal, Global, Stable Bad Events are External, Local, & Unstable

    51. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Optimist Good Events are Internal, Global, Stable Bad Events are External, Local, & Unstable Pessimist Good Events are External, Local & Unstable Bad Events are Internal, Global, & Stable

    52. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Optimist “Good things happen to me a lot, because I consistently do what it takes.” “Sometimes bad things happen, but I don’t worry about things I can’t control.” Pessimist “All good things must pass.” “I can’t seem to help but make mistakes in every area of my life.”

    53. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Optimist Generally had better health Generally had better job performance Optimists outperformed Pessimists consistently across hundreds of studies Pessimist In only one group did the pessimists outperform the optimists: GPA’s of Law Students

    54. Learned Optimism: Seligman (p. 627) Regarding Optimism, an attributional style described by Seligman’s research, in only one subpopulation did pessimists outperform optimists Life Insurance Salesman in their first year of sales College Graduates and their health data five years out of school The GPA of Law Students None of the Above

    55. Next Time: Be prepared for a PopQuiz Chapter 16 Possibly Review Exam #3

    56. Finis

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