Prologue to Chapter 10

1. Prologue to Chapter 10 • Motivation and Emotion • Why do we do the things we do? • Why do we feel the way we do about events in our life? • What is “hunger?” Why are many people overweight? Why do some teenage girls starve themselves to death in the midst of plenty? • These are the questions of motivation and emotion Psych 101 Chapter 10

2. Definitions of motivation and emotion • Motivation • those factors that activate behavior and give it direction • those factors that make us do what we do and give our behavior either a positive or negative direction • psychologists abbreviate the term “motivation” with the letter “K” (as per Clark Hull’s work in the 1940s) Psych 101 Chapter 10

3. Definitions of motivation and emotion • Emotion • positive or negative feelings • generally in reaction to environmental stimuli • emotion is accompanied by physiological arousal and related behaviors • examples include love, hate, fear, joy, loathing, etc. • We will now examine primary motives Psych 101 Chapter 10

4. Primary Motives Psych 101 Chapter 10

5. Primary motives: biological needs • Homeostasis: biological “thermostats” • homeostasis is a process by which internal body mechanisms sense biological imbalances and stimulate action to restore the proper balances • homeostatic controls exist for hunger, thirst, body temperature, electrolyte levels, etc. • we will discuss hunger and thirst motives in detail next Psych 101 Chapter 10

6. Primary motive: hunger • Hunger is the regulation of food intake • There are biological and psychological regulators operative in hunger • Biological regulation of hunger • control center located in the hypothalamus • homeostatic monitoring of blood sugar levels; insulin and glucagon monitoring • rat and cat experiments (surgical ablations) Psych 101 Chapter 10

7. Primary motives: hunger • Specific hungers and homeostasis • animals deprived of protein, a specific vitamin, or fat will tend to eat greater quantities of foods containing that element when later given a choice • children will, if it is available, eat the substances they need to have in their diet; have nutritious snacks available for them from which to choose and they will eat right Psych 101 Chapter 10

8. Primary motives: hunger • Psychological factors in hunger • learning affects hunger • emotion affects hunger • incentives affect hunger • social situations affect hunger • commercials, time, and smells all affect hunger • “stimulus control” and dieting: controlling the cues to eat Psych 101 Chapter 10

9. Primary motives: thirst • Thirst is the regulation of fluid intake • Biological regulation of thirst • a “drink” and a “stop drinking” center are located in different sections of the hypothalamus • homeostatic measurements of blood volume regulate thirst; as blood volume decreases a hormone called angiotensin is released by the kidneys; hypthalamic detection causes thirst Psych 101 Chapter 10

10. Primary motives: thirst • Biological regulation of thirst (cont.) • cell fluid levels in the body and a dry mouth are also stimuli which affect thirst • Psychological factors in thirst • excluding alcohol, it is not as powerful as that for foods • body is not picky about what fluids, however fluids that contain addictive substances may be craved, e.g., coffee, pop, tea, and beer Psych 101 Chapter 10

11. Primary motives: thirst • Psychological factors in thirst (cont.) • cravings for addictive drinks are not due to deprivation of required substances (as is the case in food cravings); drink cravings are psychological dependencies • social drinking and coffee klatching as cues for injestion of certain beverages • alcoholism and social drinkers Psych 101 Chapter 10

12. Psychological motives Psych 101 Chapter 10

13. Psychological motives • Psychological motives are motives not directly related to the biological survival of the individual or species • Stimulus motivation: Seeking out novel stimulation • the Optimum Arousal Theory • the Yerkes-Dodson Law of motivation and task performance Psych 101 Chapter 10

14. Psychological motives • Affiliation motivation: the drive to be in contact with others • Achievement motivation: the need for success in competitive situations • fear of failure • failure to try because of fear you might not succeed • fear of success • snatching defeat out of the mouth of victory because of fear of success Psych 101 Chapter 10

15. Psychological motives • Solomon’s “Opponent-Process” theory of acquired motives • based on a notion of affective contrast and affective habituation • people acquire habits of doing things that provide emotional excitement and break up boredom • Would you hang-glide? Free-fall? Fly a plane or climb Mount Everest? Psych 101 Chapter 10

16. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Psych 101 Chapter 10

17. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation • Intrinsic motivation is stimulated by the inherent nature of the activity itself; by the process itself and with no external rewards • Extrinsic motivation is stimulated not by the process itself but by what can be gotten from doing the activity, e.g., a reward or recognition or other gain Psych 101 Chapter 10

18. Maslow’s “Hierarchy of Needs” • Lower level needs must be met before higher level needs will be operative • Maslow: a humanistic psychologist; his theory is often observed in business • Maslow’s pyramid of ascending needs Psych 101 Chapter 10

19. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self Actualization Esteem Needs Belongingness Needs Safety Needs • Physiological Needs Psych 101 Chapter 10

20. Emotions Emotions Psych 101 Chapter 10

21. Emotions • Psychologists have trouble agreeing on a precise definition of emotions • Three (3) theories of emotions • the “James-Lange Theory” suggests that an emotional stimulus produces a bodily reaction, which them produces an emotional feeling. The BODY makes the feeling. Psych 101 Chapter 10

22. Emotions • Three (3) theories (continued) • The “Cannon-Bard Theory” states that an emotional stimulus simultaneously produces both the emotional experience and the physiological arousal; the BODY and the MIND are influenced together by the emotion-producing stimulus Psych 101 Chapter 10

23. Emotions • Three (3) theories (continued) • “Cognitive Theory” suggests that there are two (2) steps in the cognitive interpretation of emotion • the interpretation of incoming stimuli from the environment • the interpretation of stimuli from the body resulting from autonomic arousal • the MIND influences the BODY which then influences the MIND again... Psych 101 Chapter 10

24. Emotions • Each of these three theories suggests an approach for dealing with emotions and therapy in clinical settings • Do you act your way into a new way of feeling? • Do you feel your way into a new way of acting? • Do you feel and act together simultaneously to resolve emotional difficulties? Psych 101 Chapter 10

25. Emotions • The physiology of emotion and the lie detector device • what is a lie detector machine? • how does it work and what does it measure? • can you beat a lie detector machine? • why aren’t lie detectors considered good evidence in a court of law? Psych 101 Chapter 10

26. Emotions • The role of learning and culture in the experiencing of emotion • many psychologists believe that we are born with basic emotions • comparisons of different cultures reveal that learning plays an important role in the experience of emotions and what emotions we will or won’t have • emotional illnesses by cultures Psych 101 Chapter 10

27. Emotions • Cultural emotional illnesses include: • Windigo • an emotional illness in far North American Native Americans • an irresistable urge to kill and eat your neighbor • Depression • Northern Europeans are particularly prone toward depression • Polynesian fears of the penis growing inward Psych 101 Chapter 10

28. Aggression Psych 101 Chapter 10

29. Aggression • The emotional and motivational aspects of human aggression • Why are we the most violent species? • We will examine several theories concerning human aggression • Freud’s “instinct theory” • Dollard & Miller’s “frustration-aggression” • Bandura’s “social learning theory” Psych 101 Chapter 10

30. Aggression • Freud’s “instinct theory”: the release of aggressive energy • sex and violence: the source of psychic energy (the libido) • “catharsis” • Freud suggested that all animals (including humans) are born with potent aggressive instincts that must be released in some way • the “sublimation” of aggression Psych 101 Chapter 10

31. Aggression • Dollard & Miller’s “Frustration-Aggression hypothesis” • blocked goals cause aggression • aggression is a natural reaction to the frustration of a blocked goal • theory suggests the inevitability of aggression • is it inevitable that aggression occur and, if so, what implications for the human race? Psych 101 Chapter 10

32. Aggression • Bandura’s “Social Learning Theory” and aggression • aggression is learned by observing others benefit from aggression • theory posits that aggression is learned and is not inevitable • sources of observations of violence include TV violence of many types • are we teaching ourselves to be aggressive? Psych 101 Chapter 10

33. Aggression • Culture and aggression • according to Richard Nesbitt, socially learned attitudes may be the basis for the difference in rates of violence in the United States • love, hate, religion, racism, and war • what about the future now that we have hydrogen bombs and intercontinental ballistic missles to deliver megadeath in 30 minutes? • can we learn to be passive and not aggressive? Psych 101 Chapter 10

34. Applications of Psychology Psych 101 Chapter 10

35. Applications of psychology • Can we have peace on earth or will we become extinct? • what do we teach ourselves? • what must we do to preserve our species from nuclear annilhilation? • Green Peace vs Red War: can we reprogram ourselves for a sustainable future? Psych 101 Chapter 10

36. Questions? • Any questions over Chapter 10? Psych 101 Chapter 10

37. Test #3 coming up! • We will have a test over chapters 8, 9, and 10 coming up • Remember to read the chapters, study your notes, use the study guide, and bring 2 #2 pencils to the class on test day • Remember to have your studyguide checked BEFORE test day by me or a proctor Psych 101 Chapter 10