Chapter Eight

1. Chapter Eight Love and Communication in Intimate Relationships

2. Love • Exists in all cultures • Exists in all ethnic groups • Exists in all orientations • Dual nature: • Feeling • Activity

3. Communication • Connects sexuality and intimacy • Sexual communication is tied to sexual satisfaction • Sexual communication is unique

4. Friendship and Love • Friendship is a strong foundation for strong love relationships • Difference between friends and lovers • Marriage

5. Love and Sexuality • Sexuality and love are intimately related in our culture • Our language connects love and sex • Sexual satisfaction is tied to relationship satisfaction • Level of intimacy and relationship duration are correlated with the decision to engage in sexual activity • Cultural environment and physical environment

6. Sex Outside of Committed Relationships • Young adult sex outside of marriage is now the norm • Values in America have shifted due to: • Contraception and abortion • Redefined gender roles • Alterations in demographics

7. Men, Women, Sex, and Love • Men separate sex and love more than women • Women value sex in the context of a relationship • Lesbians share sex less than heterosexual couples or gay men

8. Love Without Sex • Celibacy or asexuality • A purposeful choice rather than a sexual problem • 4% men and 14% women • Emphasis on friendship and other relationship qualities

9. Styles of Love: Lee • Eros: love of beauty • Mania: obsessive love • Ludus: playful love • Storge: companionate love • Agape: altruistic love • Pragma: practical love

10. Theory developed by Robert Sternberg Emphasizes the dynamic quality of love relationships Intimacy Passion Commitment The Triangular Theory of Love

11. The Components of Love: Ten Signs of Intimacy • Wanting to promote your partner’s welfare • Feeling happiness with your partner • Holding your partner in high regard • Being able to count on your partner in time of need • Being able to understand each other

12. The Components of Love (cont.) • Sharing yourself and your possessions with your partner • Receiving emotional support from your partner • Giving emotional support to your partner • Being able to communicate with your partner about intimate things • Valuing partner’s presence in your life

13. Liking Intimacy only Infatuation Passion only Romantic Love Intimacy and passion Companionate Love Intimacy and commitment Fatuous Love Passion and commitment Consummate love Intimacy, passion, and commitment Empty love Commitment only Nonlove Absence of all three Kinds of Love: Sternberg

14. Attachment Bond depends on attachment object’s responsiveness Infant happier in attachment object presence Shares discoveries with attachment object. Coos, talks baby talk Feeling of oneness with attachment object Romantic love Feelings are related to lover’s interest Happier when lover is present Shares experiences with lover Lovers coo, talk baby talk Feeling of oneness with lover Infant-Caregiver Attachment

15. Components of Attachment • Attachment style endures across ones life • Depends upon security and safety • Open acceptance and honesty

16. Types of Attachment • Secure attachments • Find it relatively easy to get close to other people • Anxious/ambivalent attachment • Believe that other people didn’t get as close as they themselves wanted • Avoidant attachments • Feel discomfort being close to other people

17. Unrequited Love • Love is not returned • Causes distress to all involved • Perspectives differ between the people who offer love and those who do not reciprocate

18. Jealousy • Jealousy does not prove the existence of love • Jealousy is painful • Jealousy can destroy or cement a relationship • Jealously is linked to violence

19. Jealousy • Aversive response to a real or imagined involvement with a third person • Absence may indicate relationship problems • Occurs where there are commitments in a relationship • Men and women differ in reported attempts to make their partner jealous

20. Managing Jealousy • Dealing with irrational suspicions can be difficult • Can work on underlying causes of our insecurity • If jealousy is well-founded, relationship may need to be modified or ended • Jealousy can be the catalyst for change

21. Extramarital Sex • Exists in dating, cohabiting, and marital relationships • Extramarital sex in exclusive marriages is related to three factors: • Stronger sexual interests • More permissive sexual values • Greater sexual opportunities • Weaker marital relationships

22. Making Love Last: From Passion to Intimacy • Intimate love: Each person knows they can count on the other • Commitment: Based on conscious choices rather than transitory feelings • Caring: Involves making another person’s needs as important as your own • Self-disclosure: Revealing ourselves—our hopes, our fears, our thoughts to deepen understanding and intimacy

23. The Nature of Communication • Involves conveying symbols, words, gestures, movements • Goal of establishing human contact, exchanging information, and reinforcing or changing attitudes and behaviors

24. Contexts of Communication • Cultural context • the language, values, beliefs, and customs in which communication takes place • Social context • the roles we play in society • Psychological context • how people communicate based on their personalities

25. Nonverbal Communication • The ability to correctly interpret nonverbal communication is important • Most of our “feeling” communication is nonverbal • 3 important factors: • Proximity: nearness in physical space • Eye contact: a symbol of interest • Touching: signals intimacy, closeness

26. Sexual Communication • Interpersonal sexual scripts provide “instructions” on how to behave sexually • In beginning relationships • Halo effect • Interest and opening lines • In some cases: establishing sexual orientation • First move and beyond • Directing sexual activity

27. Sexual Communication (Cont.) • In established relationships • initiating sexual activity • For heterosexuals: men typically initiate more often • In same-sex relationships: typically the more emotionally expressive partner initiates

28. Gender Differences in Partner Communication • Women send clearer messages to their partners than do men • Men more than women tend to send negative messages or withdraw • Women tend to set the emotional tone of an argument • Women tend to use more qualifiers in their style of speaking

29. Developing Communication Skills • Talking about sex • Keys to good communication • Self disclosure • Trust • Feedback

30. Conflict and Intimacy • Conflict is natural in intimate relationships • A lack of arguing can signal trouble in a relationship • Conflict isn’t dangerous; it’s the manner in which it is handled that can hurt or help

31. Conflicts about Sex • Can result from a disagreement about sex • Can be used as a “scapegoat” for nonsexual problems • Can be a cover-up for deeper feelings such as inadequacy

32. Conflict Resolution • The way couples deal with conflict reflects and contributes to their happiness • Negotiating conflicts • Bargaining • Coexistence