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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. The Human Body in Health and Disease. DEFINITIONS. Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body (ex.- names of bones) Physiology – the study of the functions of these structures (ex.- role of bones in the musculoskeletal system). ANATOMICAL POSITION.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease

  2. DEFINITIONS • Anatomy – the study of the structures of the body (ex.- names of bones) • Physiology – the study of the functions of these structures (ex.- role of bones in the musculoskeletal system)

  3. ANATOMICAL POSITION • ALL descriptions of the body are based on anatomical position. When referring to anatomical position, that means the person is: • Standing • Facing toward you • Arms at their sides • Palms toward you

  4. PLANES OF THE BODY • Midsagittal (lateral) – lengthwise plane that divides the body into • equal right and left sides • Sagittal(lateral) – divides the body into unequal right and left sides

  5. PLANES OF THE BODY • Frontal (coronal) - plane that divides the body into front • and back portions • Transverse (horizontal) - plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions

  6. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMSPlease turn to page 22, Table 2.1 • Ventral – front or belly side • Anterior – situated in front • Superior – above, toward the head • Cephalic – toward the head • Proximal – near the midline or beginning of a structure • Medial – toward, near the midline

  7. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS • Dorsal – back of body or organ • Posterior – situated in back • Inferior – below, toward the feet • Caudal – toward lower part of body • Lateral – away from the midline • Distal – farthest from midline or beginning of a structure

  8. POSITIONAL & DIRECTIONAL TERMS Remember: ALL terms are used in relation to what body part they are being compared to Example: The ankle is () to the knee?

  9. BODY CAVITIES • Spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs • Dorsal Cavities (back of the body): • Cranial - contains brain, pituitary gland • Spinal - nerves, spinal cord

  10. BODY CAVITIES Ventral Cavities (front of the body): Thoracic - contains heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus, aorta Abdominal - stomach, small & large intestine, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder Pelvic - portion of large & small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, ureters, uterus, vagina

  11. LUQ RUQ RLQ LLQ DIVISIONS OF THE ABDOMEN RUQ – right upper quadrant RLQ – right lower quadrant LUQ – left upper quadrant LLQ – left lower quadrant • Abdomin/o/pelv/ic area is divided into four quadrants • Assessment findings, organs, etc… are described by the quadrant they are located in

  12. ORGANS IN THE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA • RUQ - liver, gallbladder, • part of pancreas, part of • small & large intestine • LUQ - liver, stomach, • spleen, part of pancreas, • part of small & large intestine

  13. ORGANS IN THE QUADRANTS OF THE ABDOMINOPELVIC AREA • RLQ - part of small and large intestine, right ovary & fallopian • tube, right ureter, and • appendix • LLQ - part of small and • large intestine, left ovary & fallopian tube, left ureter

  14. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS • Named for the PATIENT’s side of body (i.e. his right or left, NOT yours) • Right hypochondriac • Epigastric • Left hypochondriac • Right lumbar • Umbilical • Left lumbar • Right inguinal • Hypogastric • Left inguinal

  15. ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS Right Left Hypochondriac Epigastric Hypochondriac Right Left Lumbar Umbilical Lumbar Right Left Inguinal Hypogastric Inguinal

  16. BODY CAVITIES • Divisions of Abdominal cavity (p. 24) • The peritoneum is a membrane surrounding the organs in the abdominal cavity. • The retroperitoneal (retro- = behind) area is behind the peritoneum and contains the kidneys.

  17. Time to Practice!!! • You will be divided into groups. • In your group, create a fictional medical story using the following guidelines: • must use one “plane” of the body • must use four position or directional terms • must contain two ventral cavity organs • must contain one quadrant and one abdominopelvic region Present your story to the class in the form of a skit. You will have 20 minutes to prepare your story & skit. Your story must make sense and contain correct use of the terms.

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