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Sapphire Crystal

Sapphire Crystal. Jirapat Pongam 5310751937 Chantawat Pongsuwan 5310751929. Sapphire Overview. Crystalline form of Al2O3 (Aluminum oxide) and belongs to the corundum group Variety of color, except red, or dark pink it would be called Ruby

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Sapphire Crystal

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  1. Sapphire Crystal JirapatPongam 5310751937 ChantawatPongsuwan 5310751929

  2. Sapphire Overview • Crystalline form of Al2O3 (Aluminum oxide) and belongs to the corundum group • Variety of color, except red, or dark pink it would be called Ruby • Colors come from traces of iron, titanium or chromium that are present in the crystal • It hardness is 9 in the Moh scale, which hardest belongs to Diamond, with 10 Moh • Abundant in India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, Brazil, Africa, and North America

  3. Sapphire’s Structure • Crystal System : Trigonal • Lattice Constant : a=4.785, c=12.991 •  Sapphire is aluminum oxide in the purest form with no porosity or grain boundaries, making it theoretically dense

  4. Sapphire’s Properties • Density :3.98 g/cm^3 • Melting point : 2303 Kelvin, or 2029 degrees Celsius • Young Modulus : 345 Gpa • Shear Modulus : 125 Gpa • Bulk Modulus : 240 Gpa • Friction coefficient : 0.15 on steel, 0.10 on sapphire • Tensile Strength : 400 Mpa at 25 degrees Celsius • Solubility in water : insoluble • Fusibility : infusible

  5. Synthetic Sapphire

  6. Synthetic Sapphire • French chemist AugusteVerneuil developed a process for producing synthetic sapphire crystals • Fine Alumina powder is added to an oxyhydrogen flame, and directed downward to the mantle •  The alumina in the flame is slowly deposited, creating a teardrop shaped “boule" of sapphire material.

  7. Advantages

  8. Advantages • Because of it preciousness and colors, people since antiquity used it to decorate themselves and their surrounding • Due to it hardness, many synthetic sapphire is used to replace glass window of a infrared sensor in an aircraft • Sapphire has a quite low conductivity for electricity, but a much-higher conductivity for heat. Thus, sapphire provides good electrical insulator, while at the same time it conduct heat away from circuit • Scratches resistance

  9. Disadvantages

  10. Disadvantage • Skilled bench jeweler required to work on the piece because of it hardness and precious • Synthetic Sapphire required a great deal of effort and resources to produce • Sapphire needed to be mined out from the deposit underground, so there are some mining risk involved

  11. Application

  12. The Logan Sapphire Brooch Application 422.99 carats(84.6 g) Common Jewelry

  13. The Star of Bombay Application 182 carats(36.4 g) Common Jewelry

  14. Black Star of Queensland Application 733 carats(147 g) Largest Sapphire that has ever been mined Common Jewelry

  15. Aerospace Application •  Sapphire is used for its durability and erosion/corrosion resistance, often in combination with the ability to withstand high heat while having a very broad transmission range • Window of FLIR (Forward Looking Infrared), windows for other sensors and optics  for erosion resistance in salt and blowing sand environments, sapphire is used in conventional windows and dome shapes in replacement of softer, more fragile IR transmitting materials.  • Countermeasures lamps - sapphire flash lamps are used in IRCM's (Infra red countermeasures). The high temperature performance of sapphire is combined with broad spectral range in this application. 

  16. Windows of FLIR

  17. Analytical Application •  Sapphire is used in analytical applications where combinations of high temperature, pressure, and hydrofluoric acid species are encountered. • Sapphire is used in surgical systems for laser transmission and in contact with bodily fluids. • Sapphire knives - with a sapphire knife, thinner sections are possible. The near perfect cutting edge of this knife / blade gives distortion-free sections down to 10 microns thick.

  18. Sapphire surgical knife

  19. Sources • http://www.mt-berlin.com/frames_cryst/descriptions/sapphire.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapphire • http://www.gemstone.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=86:sapphire&catid=1:gem-by-gem&Itemid=69

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