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World War I: Russian Revolution and Peace Treaties

World War I: Russian Revolution and Peace Treaties. Chapters 27.3 – 27.5. Russia in WWI. WWI highlighted Russia’s weaknesses Spring of 1917 – the Russian people lost faith in their government and in the czar The czar disbanded the Duma March 1917 – the czar gave up the throne.

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World War I: Russian Revolution and Peace Treaties

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  1. World War I:Russian Revolution and Peace Treaties Chapters 27.3 – 27.5

  2. Russia in WWI • WWI highlighted Russia’s weaknesses • Spring of 1917 – the Russian people lost faith in their government and in the czar • The czar disbanded the Duma • March 1917 – the czar gave up the throne

  3. Lenin and the Bolsheviks • The Petograd Soviet Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies began to gain a following • The Provisional constitutional assembly government pledged to continue the war • The Mensheviks lost a battle to control the Socialist party to the Bolsheviks • Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks • Lenin’s version of Marxism formed the basis of communism • Nov. 7, 1917 – the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government, took control, and renamed themselves the Communist Party

  4. Peace and Civil War • March 1918 – Lenin signed a peace treaty with the Central Powers • Civil war soon broke out in Russia • Three year civil war: the Red Army vs. the Whites • The Allies were angry about the separate peace treaty Russia signed • 1921 – the Communists won – renamed Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

  5. The Fourteen Points • January 18, 1918: Wilson delivers his famous Fourteen Points speech to Congress: • First five points were issues Wilson thought were necessary to prevent another war: • There should be no secret treaties among nations. • Freedom of the seas should be maintained for all. • Tariffs and other economic barriers among nations should be lowered or abolished in order to foster free trade. • Arms should be reduced “to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety, thus lessening the possibility of military responses” during diplomatic crises. • Colonial policies should consider the interests of the colonial peoples as well as the interests of the imperialist powers. • 6.-13. Dealt with boundary changes • 14. Called for the creation of the League of Nations

  6. Defeat of the Central Powers • Treaty of Brest Litovsk allowed Germans to abandon the Eastern Front • Under the command of Ferdinand Foch, an Allied force stopped Germany at Chateau-Theirry • The Central Powers began falling apart • The Kaiser gave up his throne and a German republic was set up – signed an armistice in November, 1918

  7. The Final Toll • Bloodiest war in history up to that time: • 22 million dead • 21 million wounded • Germany and Russia lost 1.8 million, France lost 1.4 million, Austria-Hungary and Britain lost about 1 million each • 10 million became refugees • Cost about $338 billion dollars • Toll on the U.S.: • 48,000 died in battle • 62,000 died of disease • 200,000 were wounded

  8. The Paris Peace Conference • Wilson failed to recognize how angry the other Allied leaders were at Germany • Georges Clemenceau had lived through two German invasions of France • David Lloyd George had just won reelection on the slogan, “Make Germany Pay” • Vittorio Orlando also wanted concessions • The Paris Peace Conference failed to include the defeated nations • The “Big Four” worked out details on the treaty on their own

  9. Debating the Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919: The Treaty of Versailles is finally signed • The Treaty barred Germany from maintaining an army and forced them to pay reparations • Also included a war-guilt clause • This treatment of Germany weakened the ability of the Treaty to provide a lasting peace • Furthermore, the treaty angered the U.S.S.R.

  10. Fates of Former Territories • The Allies made separate treaties with Austria and Hungary • National self-determination became a major issue • During WWI, the Turks launched a genocide against the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire • 1915 – 2 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire; 1923 – nearly non-existent • Bulgaria lost territory to Greece • The Ottoman Empire lost all of its territory except for present-day Turkey • Again, Russia lost much of its territories

  11. New Countries

  12. The League of Nations • Wilson felt the League of Nations could fix any shortcomings in the peace treaties • The League had 2 goals: 1. Promote international cooperation, 2. Keep peace among nations • The League would work alongside the World Court • Each nation got 1 vote in the League’s Assembly • The members of the League agreed not to go to war to settle disputes • The league could impose economic sanctions on nations who broke this agreement

  13. Mandates and the Start of the League • The League set aside newly independent colonies as mandates • The U.S. never actually became a member of the League • 1920 – first meeting in Geneva • Germany joined the League in 1926; Soviet Union in 1934

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