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Disease as a failure of homeostasis

Disease as a failure of homeostasis. Disease Basics. Disease: What is it?. Disease : Any condition that prevents the body from working as it should Can be due to ANY of the following: Pathogens : a disease causing agent Bacteria and Fungi (living) Viruses (non living)

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Disease as a failure of homeostasis

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  1. Disease as a failure of homeostasis Disease Basics

  2. Disease: What is it? • Disease: • Any condition that prevents the body from working as it should • Can be due to ANY of the following: • Pathogens: a disease causing agent • Bacteria and Fungi (living) • Viruses (non living) • Toxins: a chemical substance that causes harm by disrupting bodily functions • Carbon Monoxide, Asbestos exposure • Inherited: inheriting a defective gene • Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis

  3. Disease: How are contagious (pathogenic) diseases spread? • AIR BORNE: • FROM BEING COUGHED OR SNEEZED ON, TOUCHING INFECTED SURFACE, CONTAMINATED FOOD OR WATER, ETC… • VECTORS: • ANIMALS THAT CARRY DISEASES AND SPREAD THEM, BUT AREN’T AFFECTED BY THEM • MOSQUITOES = MALARIA • TICKS = LYME DISEASE • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED: • SPREAD BY SEXUAL CONTACT • HIV, HERPES, ETC.

  4. Disease: Fighting it • ANTIBIOTICS: • KILL BACTERIA WITHOUT HARMING THE CELLS OF ANIMALS • EXAMPLE IS PENICILLIN • WORKS ONLY ON BACTERIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! • ANTIVIRALS • PREVENT VIRUSES FROM INVADING CELLS AND THEN MULTIPLYING • EXAMPLE IS TAMIFLU • IMMUNE RESPONSE • NON-SPECIFIC • SPECIFIC • ACTIVE IMMUNITY

  5. Disease as a failure of homeostasis The Immune System

  6. Immunity: Non-specific defenses • FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: • SKIN MOST IMPORTANT • PATHOGENS CANNOT PENETRATE • WHEN BROKEN, OPENS BODY TO INFECTION • MUCUS • TRAP BACTERIA IN NOSE AND MOUTH • DIGESTIVE STUFF • ACID AND ENZYMES CAN DESTROY PATHOGENS

  7. Immunity: Non-Specific Defenses • SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE (INFLAMMATION) • BLOOD VESSELS AROUND WOUND SWELL AND RELEASE WBC’S (PHAGOCYTES) • FEVERS ARE ALSO PART OF THIS RESPONSE Let’s see inflammation!

  8. Immunity: Specific Defense • RESPONSE TRIGGERED BY AN ANTIGEN: • ORGANIC MATERIALS ON SURFACE OF PATHOGENS THAT BODY DOES NOT RECOGNIZE • 3 Types of Specific Defense: • Humoral Immunity • Cell Mediated Immunity • Permanent Immunity

  9. Specific Defense: Humoral Immunity • OCCURS IN BODY LIQUIDS (LYMPH AND BLOOD) • B LYMPHOCYTES (B CELLS) (WBC’S) • PRODUCE ANTIBODIES IN RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS • ANTIBODIES ARE SPECIFIC TO ANTIGEN • Y SHAPED • CLUMPS BAD GUYS TOGETHER SO CAN BE DESTROYED BY PHAGOCYTE • T LYMPHOCYTES (T CELLS) (WBC’S) • AID B CELLS IN MAKING PLASMA CELLS

  10. Specific Defense: Cell-Mediated Immunity • KILLER T CELLS “KILL” SINGLE PATHOGEN CELLS • MAINLY FOR EUKARYOTIC INFECTIONS • PROTISTS AND FUNGI • MAKES BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS COMPLICATED • DOCTOR LOOKS FOR CLOSEST MATCH • PATIENT MAY BE ON IMMUNOSUPPRESSORS FOR REST OF LIFE WHY IS THIS DANGEROUS?

  11. Specific Defense: Permanent Immunity • ONCE YOU GET IT, YOU CAN’T GET IT AGAIN • DUE TO MEMORY B AND MEMORY T CELLS • WILL CONTINUE TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES

  12. How types of immunity produce memory cells

  13. Immunity: Active Immunity • EDWARD JENNER FIRST TESTED ACTIVE IMMUNITY • BASED ON PERMANENT IMMUNITY • VACCINES: • WEAKENED OR MILD FORM OF A PATHOGEN THAT IS INJECTED TO PRODUCE AN IMMUNE RESPONSE • BODY WILL THEN RECOGONIZE ANITGEN WHEN INTRODUCED TO FULL BLOWN PATHOGEN • BODY WILL RESPOND VERY QUICKLY TO DESTROY PATHOGEN

  14. Vaccine Process

  15. Disease as a failure of homeostasis Immune System Disorders

  16. Immune Disorders: Allergies • IS AN OVERREACTION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • OCCURS WHEN ANTIGENS FROM ALLERGENS (POLLEN, PET DANDER, ETC) ATTACH TO MAST CELLS • THIS IN TURN TRIGGERS HISTAMINES • THESE PRODUCE SNEEZING, RUNNY NOSE AND EYES ETC….

  17. How an allergy is triggered…

  18. Immune Disorders: Autoimmune Disorders • WHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES A MISTAKE AND ATTACKS ITS’ OWN BODY CELLS • CAN BE THE RESULT OF AN INFECTION • EXAMPLES OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES • JUVENILE DIABETES • MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS (MS)

  19. AIDS • ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME • WHAT CAUSES AIDS? • CAUSED BY THEHIV VIRUS • HIVINFECTS HELPER T-CELLSOF IMMUNE SYSTEM ANDDESTROYS THEM • PERSON CAN BE INFECTED W/ HIV FOR YEARS AND NOT KNOW IT • WHENT-CELL COUNT IS LOWENOUGH, FULL BLOWNAIDS IS DECLARED

  20. AIDS: How is it contracted? • SHARING INFECTED NEEDLES • BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS • UNPROTECTED SEX

  21. AIDS: Effects of Disease • AIDS PATIENT MORE SUSECPTIBLE TO OTHER DISEASESB/C IMMUNE SYSTEM DAMAGED • PERSON DIES OF “AIDS RELATED SUCH-IN-SUCH” • EXAMPLE:AIDS RELATED OR INDUCED PNEUMONIA

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