HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT IN SAMBURU COUNTY: ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO AN INTEGRATIVE ECOSYSTEM STUDY

1. HUMAN WILDLIFE CONFLICT IN SAMBURU COUNTY: ONE HEALTH APPROACH TO AN INTEGRATIVE ECOSYSTEM STUDY W.O. Ogara, G.Nduhiu, E.B. Ongoro UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH, PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY.

2. OUTLINE I. Introductory remarks (Definitions) 2. Study area 3. Conceptualization of Samburu integrative ecosystem study. 4. Study outputs 5. Carnivore in conflict project, objectives, insites and hindsites. 5. Acknowledgements

3. INTRODUCTION It is best put across as human and environmental ecosystem co-existing in a balance that keeps all of them healthy and living optimally. Disturbance of one element affects the other components. A holistic One health study approach in a ecosystem is thus desired.

4. Discipline Discipline Discipline Discipline Discipline Discipline Discipline Discipline Non-academic environment Mono-disciplinary Multi-disciplinary Inter-disciplinary Discipline Discipline Trans-disciplinary WHAT IS TRANSDISCIPLINARITY: DEFINITION Ecosystem studies: Mono-, multi-, inter-, trans-disciplinary studies Transdisciplinarity: “a new form of learning and problem solving involving cooperation among different parts of society and academia in order to meet complex challenges of society” (Julie Klein et al., 2001) 8 4 Faculteit der Aard- en Levenswetenschappen

5. MAP OF THE STUDY AREA GEOGRAPHYCAL DETAILS Rainfall: Bimodal; March to April and Oct. to Nov. Mean annual rainfall; 250 – 500mm. Temperatures: Mean 18-200C. Minimum; 11- 140C Vegetation: Varied; acacia spp, dry wood land, shrub-grassland. Soils: Luvisos and Combisols Main economical activity: Pastoralism Main Constrain: Predation on Livestock STUDY AREA

6. Conceptualization of the IES (stepwise approach)1. Communities & stakeholders’ 2. Researchers & conservation groups 3. Communities, researchers & other stakeholders • Barriers to resource access • Critical habitats in and outside ‘PAs’ • Status and distribution of ‘HWCs’ • Encroachment on wildlife corridors • Water resource availability, quality and use • Indigenous plant use • Indigenous resource management • Wildlife-livestock health interface • Land-use tenure and conflicts • Impacts of wildlife management enterprises

7. Integrated ecosystem study in Samburu

8. Carnivore Project – Transdisciplinarity COMMUNITY Depredation Homestead Water resources Grazing land- prey base Denning sites COMMUNITY

9. Trans- disciplinary • Carnivores sharing • watering point & dens with livestock & human • Samburu ecosystem is shared between human, livestock and wildlife. • Human live at cross proximity with their livestock. • Human & livestock share watering points & denning site with carnivores. • Conflicts ; kills by the cats, zoonotic disease transfer. • Human & livestock sharing ecosystem,. • Interfaced human, livestock & wildlife Resultant conflict Ngare Ndare forest

10. Carnivore Scat Analysis • Scat types indicated presence of predators in the ecosystem; lion, leopard, hyena, wild-dog. • Scat analyzed for presence of prey hair indicated; • Mixed diet • Preference of wild ungulates to domestic prey, thus informed conflict management by involved community . Medulla width Absolute width Medulla end Hair end

11. Cross-species pathogens Shared environment by humans, carnivores, wild and domestic ungulates. Through watering points, grazing fields and den site. Zoonotic pathogens & diseases vectors spread across the shared ecosystem.

12. Outputs Publications Determination of carnivores prey base by scat analysis in Samburu community group ranches in Kenya, AJEST Vol. 4(8), 540-546,2010, http://www.academicjournals.org/AJEST. Joshua Orungo Onono, William Okelo Ogara, Samuel OyiekeOkuthe, Johnson GitahiNduhiu, Alfred OmwandoMainga, DorcasNduati. Challenges of camel production in Samburu District, Kenya. Journal of Camelid Science; 3(2010) 01-05. http://www.isocard.org. Ongoro E B., Ontita E., Ogara W O., Oguge N O., (2010) Climate Change and the Emergence of Helter- Skelter Livelihoods in Samburu East District,Kenya. In, Experiences of Climate Change Adaptation in Africa pp97 – 110 Springer VerlagHeideberg 2011. Thesis and projects Identification of ticks collected from carnivore denning site in Samburu – Bsc. Student. Assessing trade-offs between pastoral economy and wildlife conservation in the EwasoNyiro Basin, Northern Kenya. A case study of Naibunga and Namunyak conservancies – MSc student Climate change – MSc student Externant bone study collected at hyena dens in Samburu – PhD, ongoing

13. Common Central Concepts Participation Knowledge integration Reflection Emergent design and process facilitation These underpin the concept of one-health

14. Carnivore project objectives Characterize location and nature of livestock housing structure. Characterize the nature and frequency of conflicts (depredation) per locality. Carnivore ecology. Characterize carnivore health parameters. Characterize the KAP of community in relation to wildlife (feeding, migration & conflict areas). Identify mitigation measures to recommend policy dimensions.

15. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the following; Earthwathch Samburu Community Kenya wildlife service University of Nairobi-PHPT Colleagues in the Department