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Exploring Brain Lesions and Functions

Learn about brain lesions, function areas, and imaging techniques like EEG, CT, PET, and MRI. Discover cerebral structures like brainstem, limbic system, cortex lobes, and their roles in cognition and emotions.

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Exploring Brain Lesions and Functions

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  1. The Brain • Lesion • tissue destruction • a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue

  2. Electroencephalogram (EEG) • an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface • these waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

  3. The Brain • CT (computed tomography) Scan • a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan

  4. PET (positron emission tomography) Scan • a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

  5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwUn64d5Ddk&feature=related • a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

  6. The Brain • Brainstem • the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull • responsible for automatic survival functions • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Li5nMsXg1Lk&feature=related • Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] • base of the brainstem • controls heartbeat and breathing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6KpIrKCDwg&feature=related

  7. The Brain • Reticular Formation • a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal • Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss] • the brain’s sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem • it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

  8. Pons In Latin, the word pons literally means bridge. The pons is a portion of the hindbrain that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla oblongata. It also serves as a communications and coordination center between the two hemispheres of the brain. As a part of thebrainstem, the pons helps in the transferring of messages between various parts of the brain and the spinal cord.

  9. The Brain

  10. The Brain • Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um] • the “little brain” attached to the rear of the brainstem • it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCisaP09yFU&feature=related

  11. The Brain • Limbic System • a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres • associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex • includes: 1-hippocampus, 2-amygdala, and 3-hypothalamus. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e2oI4y_bE10&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0WallnueDg&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  12. Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la] • two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GdALwuYtG8&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  13. Limbic System • Hypothalamus • neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities • eating • drinking • body temperature • helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland • is linked to emotion

  14. The Limbic System

  15. The Cerebral Cortex • Cerebral Cortex • the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres • the body’s ultimate control and information processing center • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9a4CgrLoHE&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • Glial Cells • cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons • (There 20-23 billion nerve cells in cerebral cortex and nine times as many glial (glue) cells) that guide neural connections

  16. Cerebral Cortex: MOTOR AND SENSORY • Motor Cortex: area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements • Sensory Cortex: area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations • Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces

  17. The Cerebral Cortex

  18. A football is thrown to you and you catch it with your left hand. Your finger is injured. Describe what areas are activated in your brain and why.. You pet a kitten with your right hand. Describe what areas are activated in your brain and why You stub your right toe. Describe what areas are activated in your brain and why

  19. The Cerebral Cortex: Lobes

  20. LObes • Frontal Lobes • involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments • Parietal Lobes • include the sensory cortex • Occipital Lobes • include the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field • Temporal Lobes • include the auditory areas • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HVGlfcP3ATI&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  21. The Cerebral Cortex: Lobes

  22. Visual and Auditory Cortex

  23. The Cerebral Cortex: Association AreasAreas of the cerebral cortex involved in higher level mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking • Aphasia • impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding) • Broca’s Area • an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the muscle movements involved in speech http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f2IiMEbMnPM&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 • Wernicke’s Area • an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKTdMV6cOZw&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  24. Specialization and Integration

  25. Specialization and Integration • Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

  26. Brain Reorganization • Plasticity: http://youtu.be/TSu9HGnlMV0 the brain’s capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

  27. Corpus callosum Our Divided Brain • Corpus Callosum • large band of neural fibers • connects the two brain hemispheres • carries messages between the hemispheres

  28. Our Divided Brain • The information highway from the eye to the brain • *

  29. Split Brain • a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them • http://youtu.be/lfGwsAdS9Dc

  30. Split Brain http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12225166 “What word did you see?” or “Point with your left hand to the word you saw.” Two words separated by a dot are momentarily projected. “Look at the dot.”

  31. Brain Structures and their Functions

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