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Chapter 4

Chapter 4. Hardware for Educators. Chapter Objectives. Describe the system unit Define the term bit and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions

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Chapter 4

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  1. Chapter 4 Hardware for Educators

  2. Chapter Objectives • Describe the system unit • Define the term bit and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data • Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions • Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data • Describe the four types of input as well as input devices and pointing devices • List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various types of keyboards Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  3. Chapter Objectives • Differentiate among the four types of output • Identify different types of output devices • Explain differences among various types of printers • Differentiate between storage and memory • Identify types of storage media and devices • Differentiate between CDs and DVDs Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  4. The System Unit • System unit • Boxlike case that houses the electronic components of the computer that are used to process data Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  5. Data Representation • Analog vs. Digital • Digital • Two states • (1) on • (0) off Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  6. Data Representation • Binary number system • Combination of ones and zeroes represent characters Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  7. Data Representation • ASCII • American Standard Code for Information Interchange • Converting a keyboard stroke into a byte Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  8. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  9. The Components of the System Unit • The Motherboard • Contains many of the electronic components • Chip • A small piece of semiconducting material that is made up of many layers of circuits and microscopic components Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  10. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  11. The Components of the System Unit • CPU • Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer • Microprocessor manages most of a computer’s operations Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  12. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  13. The Components of the System Unit • The Control Unit • A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer • Fetch - get the next instruction from memory • Decode - translate the instruction • Execute - carry out the command • Store the result - write the result to memory • Machine cycle Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  14. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  15. The Components of the System Unit • The Arithmetic/Logic Unit • Performs the execution part of the machine cycle • Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) • Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than) • Logical (AND, OR, NOT) Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  16. The Components of the System Unit • The System Clock • Synchronizes all computer operations • Each tick is called a clock cycle • Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second • Speed measured in gigahertz (GHz) Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  17. The Components of the System Unit • Memory • Used to store data and instructions • The operating system and other system software • Application software • Data being processed by application programs • Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  18. Seats in a stadium are similar to addresses in memory: • A seat in a stadium holds one person at a time, and an address in memory holds a single byte • Both a seat and an address can be empty • A seat has a unique identifying number and so does an address Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  19. The Components of the System Unit • Memory • Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available • Volatile memory – contents are lost when the computer is turned off • Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the computer is turned off Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  20. The Components of the System Unit • Random Access Memory (RAM) • The memory chips in the system unit • When the computer starts, certain operating system files are loaded from a hard disk into RAM • Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM) • Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  21. The Components of the System Unit • Random Access Memory (RAM) • RAM Chips • Smaller in size than processor chips • Commonly hold up to 4 gigabytes of memory Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  22. The Components of the System Unit • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Configuring RAM • The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once • Software usually tells you how much RAM is required • For an application to perform optimally, you usually need more than the minimum specifications Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  23. The Components of the System Unit • Read-Only Memory (ROM) • Cannot be modified • Contents not lost when the computer is turned off • Flash Memory • Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten on Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  24. The Components of the System Unit • Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards • Expansion slot • A socket on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card • Add new devices or capabilities to the computer • Expansion card • Circuit board that enhances functions of a system component and/or provides connections to peripherals • Plug and Play Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  25. The Components of the System Unit • Removable Memory Devices • Flash memory cards • USB flash drives • PC Cards • ExpressCard modules Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  26. The Components of the System Unit • Ports and Connectors • Port • Point of attachment to the system unit • Usually on the back and front of the system unit • Connectors • Used to plug into ports • Male connectors • Female connectors Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  27. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  28. The Components of the System Unit • Ports and Connectors • USB • USB 2.0 • USB 3.0 • FireWire • Bluetooth Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  29. What is Input? • Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer • Data – unprocessed items • Programs - series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task • Commands - an instruction given to a computer program • User responses - responses to questions or messages from the software Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  30. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  31. What are Input Devices? • Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  32. What are Input Devices? • The Keyboard • Typing area • Numeric keypad • Toggle keys • Status lights • Arrow keys - arrow control keys • Function keys • Specialized buttons Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  33. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  34. What are Input Devices? • Pointing Devices • An input device that allows you to control a pointer on the screen • Block arrow • I-beam • Pointing hand Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  35. What are Input Devices? • Pointing Devices • Mouse • One or two button mouse • Scroll wheel • Moving the mouse pointer • Clicking • Dragging • Double-clicking • Optical mouse • Cordless mouse Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  36. What are Input Devices? • Touchpad and Pointing Stick • Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion • Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  37. What are Input Devices? • Pointing Devices • Trackball • Like a mouse, but the ball is on top • Often used on portable computers Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  38. What are Input Devices? • Pointing Devices • Joystick • Uses the movement of a vertical lever • Often used with games • Wheel • Steering-wheel type input device • Used to simulate driving a car or other vehicle Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  39. What are Input Devices? • Pointing Devices • Touch screen • Monitor has a touch sensitive panel • Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options • Kiosks Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  40. What are Input Devices? • Optical Scanners • Captures an entire page of text or images such as photographs or artwork electronically • Converts the text or image on the original document into digital data that can be stored on a storage medium and processed by the computer Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  41. What are Input Devices? • Pen Input • Users write, draw, and tap on a flat surface to enter input • Stylus – small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink • Digital pen – slightly larger than a stylus Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  42. What are Input Devices? • Digital Cameras • Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally • Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  43. What are Input Devices? • Audio and Video Input • Audio input • Entering speech, music, or sound effects • Sound card • Speech Recognition • Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  44. What are Input Devices? • Audio and Video Input • Video input • Capturing a full-motion recording onto a computer and storing the video on a computer’s storage medium Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  45. What are Input Devices? • PDAs, Smart Phones, and Media Players Input • Navigation receiver • Microphone • Digital camera • Data transfer • Wireless keyboard • Stylus Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  46. What is Output? • Text • Graphics • Audio • Video Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  47. What are Output Devices? • Any computer component capable of conveying information to the user • Commonly used output devices • Display devices • Printers • Data projectors • Facsimile machines • Multifunction devices • Interactive whiteboards • Speakers, headphones, and earphones Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  48. What are Output Devices? • Display Devices • Screen housed in a plastic or metal case • Variety of sizes • Cathode ray tube (CRT) • Pixels • Flat-panel displays • LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors • LCD screens • Plasma monitors Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  49. Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

  50. What are Output Devices? • Plasma Monitors • Some can measure more than 150 inches wide • Uses gas plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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