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C ontrol, coordination and homeostasis

C ontrol, coordination and homeostasis. Oni Pambagyo Triantoro, S.Pd.,M.P. HOMEOSTASIS. is a vital function of control systems in mammals to maintain a stable internal environment. There are 3 features of environment affect the functioning of the cell: Temperature :

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C ontrol, coordination and homeostasis

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  1. Control, coordination and homeostasis Oni Pambagyo Triantoro, S.Pd.,M.P

  2. HOMEOSTASIS • is a vital function of control systems in mammals to maintain a stable internal environment. • There are 3 features of environment affect the functioning of the cell: • Temperature: low temperatures slow metabolic reaction, while high temperatures cause denaturation of proteins. • Amount of water lack of water in the tissue fluid causes water tobe drawn out of the cells by osmosis, causing metabolic reaction in the cell to slow or stop, while much water entering the cell may cause it to swell and burst.

  3. Amount of glucose. glucose is the fuel for respiration, so lack of it causes respiration to slow or stop, while too much glucose may draw water out of the cell by osmosis. Homeostasis mechanism work by controlling the composition of blood (tissue fluid) Negative feedback control loop

  4. Negative feedback control loop

  5. EXCRETION • is the removal of these unwanted products of metabolism. • There are 2 excretory products greater than other, these are CO2 and urea • CO2is produced by almost every cell in the body, by the reactions of aerobic respiration. • Urea is produced in only one organ in the body, that is the liver.

  6. DEAMINATION and UREA FORMATION

  7. DEAMINATION • Deamination is the process by which urea is made from excess amino acids. • Deamination takes place in the liver cells, the amino (NH2) group of an amino acid is removed, together with an extra hydrogen atom. The keto acid that remains become a carbohydrate or fat These combine to produce ammonia

  8. UREA FORMATION • Urea is the main nitrogenous excretory product of humans. • Urea is made by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide. • An adult produces around 25 – 30 g of urea per day. • Small other product are creatinine and uric acid. • Creatinine is made in the liver, from certain amino acids

  9. Creatinin is used in the muscles, in the form of creatinine phosphate ( high energy compound). • Some is converted to creatinine and excreted. • Uric acid is made from the breakdown of nucleic acids, not from amino acids.

  10. The structure of the kidney

  11. Cut in half vertically of kidney.

  12. Ultrafitration • The kidney makes urine in a two-stages process: • Ultrafiltration, involves filtering small molecules, including urea, out of the blood and into the renal capsule. • Reabsorbtion, involves taking back any useful molecules from the fluid in the nephrone as it flows along to the blood capillaries.

  13. Position of a nephrone

  14. A nephrone

  15. The blood supply in nephrone

  16. Detail of the wall of a glomerular capillary and renal capsule

  17. Factor affecting glomerular filtration rate • Glomerular filtration rate is the rate of fluid seeps from the blood in the glomerular capillaries, into the renal capsule. • The rate is about 125 cm3/min. (in human) • The factor is: • The differences in water potential between fluid of the glomerular capillaries and the renal capsule. • The blood pressure is relatively high in the glomerular caplillaries.

  18. 3. Concentration of solutes in the blood plasma in the capillaries is higherthan the concentration of solutes inside the renal capsule.

  19. Realative concentrations of substances in the blood and in the glomerular filtrate

  20. Reabsorbtion in the proximal convulated tubule

  21. Reabsorbtion in the loop of Henle

  22. Reabsorbtion in the collecting duct

  23. Flow rates in different parts of a nephrone

  24. Realtive concentration of four substances in different parts of a nephrone

  25. Control of water content • Osmoregulation is function of kidney to play role in homeostasis by regulating the concentration of water in the body fluids. • To control of it usually work by a negative feedback mechanism. • a receptor that monitors whatever it is that is being controlled, and an effector that does something to bring it back to normal if it deviates too far. Pituitary glandand Walls of distal convulated tubules Hypothalamus

  26. The secretion of ADH • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a polypeptide made up of just 9 amino acids. • It is made in the cell bodies of the nerve cells in pituitary gland. • The secretion of ADH has caused the increased reabsorbtion of water into the blood. The fluid in the collecting duct loses water and becomes more concentrated

  27. Effects of ADH on water reabsorbtion from the collecting duct

  28. small volumes of concentrated urine produced

  29. How ADH increases water reabsorbtion in the collecting duct

  30. Mechanism of increasing water reabsorbtion: • ADH binds to receptor in the plasma membrane of the cells lining of collecting duct. • Activate the enzyme : Phosphorylase • This enzyme causes vesicles surrounded by membrane containing water-permeable channel, to move to the plasma membrane. • The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane. • Water can now move freely through the membrane, down its water potential gradient.

  31. The concentration of fluid in different regions of nephron, with and without the pressence of ADH.

  32. Thank you so much

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