Robo

1. Robo ...a lightning introduction to the engineering of software David Davenport Computer Eng. Dept., Bilkent UniversityAnkara - Turkey. email: david@bilkent.edu.tr

2. IMPORTANT… • Students… This presentation is designed to be used in class as part of a guided discovery sequence. It is not self-explanatory! Please use it only for revision purposes after having taken the class. Simply flicking through the slides will teach you nothing. You must be actively thinking, doing and questioning to learn! • Instructors… You are free to use this presentation in your classes and to make any modifications to it that you wish. All I ask is an email saying where and when it is/was used. I would also appreciate any suggestions you may have for improving it. thank you,David.

3. Robo • Robo is a little robot with a pen • you command him to move around • he leaves a trail with the pen as he moves • Robo’s world is infinite flat white surface • Your objective: • to have Robo producegiven pattern/picture

4. Robo • Commands • f(x) - move forward x units • r(x) - turn right x degrees • l(x) - turn left x degrees • p - pick up/put down the pen(switch drawing mode on/off) • Initial condition • middle of surface • facing north • in drawing mode • One command at a time please! (i.e. only one per line) Sorry, but I can’t do any maths or even fractions!

5. Robo - examples • Have Robo draw • a straight line 100 units long • a horizontal line 150 units long • a 100 by 200 unit rectangle • an equilateral triangle with 150 units sides • a dashed line, 50 unit spaces, 100 unit dashes • Points to note: • Robo only understands f,r,l & p (not any natural language) • Syntax error when Robo doesn’t understand command • A program is a sequence of commands (instructions) • Multiple correct solutions Simple isn’t it?

6. r(180) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) Robo - problem • What is this? TRACE it put yourself in position of Robo and follow the commands No one can IMMEDIATELY say what it is! How can we find out?

7. It looks like this! but itshould look like this Robo - solution • After tracing... BUGS program has Logical Errors & needs to be corrected... DEBUG the program

8. r(180) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) l(90) r(120) l(90) Robo - TRACE & DEBUG • Debug it... To correct... add, remove & change commands & check by tracing again!

9. Homework! • Try one of these yourself • Star Computer • House Robot • Tree Cube • Important • your program should be correcti.e. it should be right-first-timeRobo is asked to do (run/execute) it • Motto: Design not experiment.

10. Reflections • Ok, now Robo programmers • earn living by writing them • but only if right-first-time! • Your observations…? There must be an easier way to earn a living! • & jobs require HUGE pictures How can we make our lives as programmers easier? Simple to follow Difficult to understand Long & therefore complex to do Difficult to debug and/or change Often use same/similar sets of commands

11. The easy life... • Ideas to make life easier • comments • blank space • methods • parameters • repetition • Top down structured design

12. Program to draw a Wishing Well First draw base ? then draw pole finally, draw roof Root cause of difficulties • Lack of mapping btw problem & solution l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) l(90) f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) Problem: notes would cause syntax errors! Solution: modify Robo to ignore such notes. see some structure So add notes see no structure

13. Comments // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) • Are natural language notes written in the program • Ignored by Robo (i.e. no syntax error) // any_natural_language_text syntax: • Use comments… • to say what each section does, & • to tell about the program as a whole Every program should have a Header,a block of comments at the top that detail what, where, when & by whom.

14. Aids to Reading • Can you read this comfortably? The Inheritance of the Labour Movement The British Labour Movement draws its inspiration from a history that goes back over many centuries. This movement arose directly from the twin struggles by the British people to control Parliament through the popular vote and to gain the right to organise free trade unions. The battle against the Combination Acts and similar legislation which made trade unionism illegal went hand in hand with the campaigns for working men and women to be represented in Parliament. But even before these historic struggles, which first saw the light of day in the industrial revolution, the origins of socialism can be traced back as far as the time of Christ himself and even to the Old Testament. Tony Benn, 1979. theinheritanceofthelabourmovementthebritishlabourmovementdrawsitsinspirationfromahistorythatgoesbackovermanycenturiesthismovementarosedirectlyfromthetwinstrugglesbythebritishpeopletocontrolparliamentthroughthepopularvoteandtogaintherighttoorganisefreetradeunionsthebattleagainstthecombinationactsandsimilarlegislationwhichmadetradeunionismillegalwenthandinhandwiththecampaignsforworkingmenandwomentoberepresentedinparliamentbutevenbeforethesehistoricstruggleswhichfirstsawthelightofdayintheindustrialrevolutiontheoriginsofsocialismcanbetracedbackasfarasthetimeofchristhimselfandeventotheoldtestamenttonybenn1979

15. Blank Space // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base l(90) f(50) l(90) // left f(100) l(90) // bottom f(100) l(90) // right f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof f( 70) r( 120) f( 140) r( 120) f( 140) r( 120) f( 70) • Help visualisation & reading • Blank lines, indentation & spaces • What does this code do? First see 3 parts then comments then code Extend Robo to avoid syntax errors! Combine Comments & Blank space • Answers without tracing! • Aid debugging & maintenance

16. Defining method: Example: method_name pole // Draw … // Author: … // Date: … : // draw … : // Draw pole f(150) l(90) Using method: d pole d pole syntax: d method_name d pole Methods • Are named blocks of commands • Short, so easier to understand • Facilitates reuse, testing & debugging

17. wwell // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base d base // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof d roof base roof // draw base of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(100) f(50) r(90) // draw roof of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(70) l(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) Wishing Well using methods

18. wwell wwell // Wishing Well // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 // draw base d xyz // draw pole f(150) l(90) // draw roof d a123 d xyz d pole d a123 xyz a123 pole // draw base of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 l(90) f(50) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(100) l(90) f(50) r(90) // draw roof of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(70) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(140) r(120) f(70) // draw pole of wwell // Author: David // Date: Sept. 2002 f(150) l(90) & again…? • Changed method names • What does it do now? (remember comments are ignored) …it looks like a wishing well, but… MORAL – use meaningful names!

19. Some demo programs… • What is this… • It should look like this… • Can you debug it? • What is this? • Can you add a door knob or curtains? Note: These demos are located in a separate subdirectory and need java to run! Switch to an MSDOS window, change to the demos directory, (cross fingers) and run manually by typingjava TryRobo filename

20. window walls door rect( width, height) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(250) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) These are known as formal parameters They must be replaced with actual values when the Robo does the method Generalise methods • Looking at specific method instances • notice repetition of similar code • so, abstract/generalise through parameters Can you write equtri?

21. door rect( width, height) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f(150) r(90) f(50) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) rect( 50, 150) f( 150) r(90) f( 50) r(90) f( 150) r(90) f( 50) r(90) Replace formal parameters with actual parameter values Using general methods • Example, in place of draw door: d door • Need to say “draw rectangle with width=50 & height=150” • Use notationd rect( 50, 150) Actual parameter values

22. house house d roof d walls d leftwindow d rightwindow d door d roof d rect( 250, 250) d rect( 50, 50) d rect( 50, 50) d rect( 50, 150) Rewriting the house program • Using general rectangle method • in place of draw door: d door • say “draw rectangle with width=50 & height=150”i.e. d rect( 50, 150) • in place of draw walls: d walls • say “draw rectangle with height=250 & width=250”i.e. d rect( 250, 250) Now need comments!

23. rect( width, height) rect( a, b, c, d ) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( height) r(90) f( width) r(90) f( b) r(90) f( a) r(90) f( b) r(90) f( a) r(90) Restricted parameter names! • Robo allows only names: a, b, c, d • translate rect method for Robo… Robo methods always have these four formal parameters, even if they are not used. For this reason, they are not explicitly written each time. Now need to include comments to say what a, b, c & d represent…// Params: a – width, b - height

24. rect( a, b) rectturn( a, b, c) moveturn( a, b) d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) d rect( a, b) r( c) f( a) r( b) Methods are independent! • Methods can call other methods • only connection is parameter list • matched one-by-one in order, not by name! Must understand:a’s, b’s, etc. are differentin each method.

25. rect( a, b) pretty( a, b, c, d) halfrect( a, b) pretty( a, b) rectturn( a, b, c) moveturn( a, b) f( a) r( b) d moveturn( b, 90) d moveturn( a, 90) x c rectturn( a, b, d) x 2 halfrect( a, b) x 10 rectturn( a, b, 36) d rect( a, b) r( c) Repetition • Automatically repeat method x number_of_times method_name ( parameter_list ) syntax: Try doing square & rewriting equtri

26. Summary • You should have learnt about& understand the rationale for… • Comments • White space • Meaningfully named methods • Method parameters • Repetition • Coming next… • Top-down structured design!