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Interactive Notebook (INB) Set-Up. First, number pages front and back, starting with the very first page as #1. Put numbers on top outside corner, away from the spiral. Even #. Odd #. Planetary Motion Pg. 2 Early Astronomers Pg. 3. Add to Table of contents:. Background: don’t write
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Interactive Notebook (INB) Set-Up • First, number pages front and back, starting with the very first page as #1. • Put numbers on top outside corner, away from the spiral. Even # Odd #
Planetary Motion Pg. 2 Early Astronomers Pg. 3 Add to Table of contents:
Background: don’t write The Universe – Everything there is; all energy, space, and matter Astronomy – The study of the universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere. Solar System – the Sun and all the objects that travel around it due to gravitational force. Objects = planets, over 60 satellites (moons) orbiting the planets, thousands of asteroids, countless meteoroids and comets, and interplanetary dust.
Meteor -is an asteroid or other object that burns and vaporizes upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere. • Meteorite= meteor that survives atmospheric entry and lands on earth.
Ancient civilizations wanted to learn about astronomy for religious and societal purposes—when to plant crops, harvest them, when to offer sacrifice, etc. Mesoamerican tribes, the Anasazi, the Babylonians, and other ancient civilizations also developed calendars based on relatively sophisticated astronomical observations. • The history of science involves the history of astronomy and the controversies involved in heavenly motions.
Next slide shows our first astronomer and about him. • When you write-don’t write big! If you need more room, continue on the backside.
Aristotle 384-327 B.C.E. • Greek Philosopher-did no science observations. 1.Believed that the Universe was spherical, finite and revolved around the sun. 2.His ideas were loved and not tested for over 1000 years. • Couldn’t explain why sometimes planets appeared to move backward, relative to other planets.
Ptolemy90-168 CE Greek Astronomer 1.Created the earth geo-centric solar system model. (earth centered) Ptolemy’s model stood unchallenged for 1400 years. This was due to the fact that it proposed that Earth was the center of the universe and this matched with the Church’s teaching that Earth and its inhabitants were the center the universe. The geocentric(=earth-centered) system then become an article of faith, closed to any scientific scrutiny.
The greatest difficulties he had to overcome were explaining the changing speeds and the occasional east-to-west, or retrograde, motion of the planets. He suggested that by having each planet move along a small circle, called an epicycle, whose center traveled along a larger circle, called a deferent, with Earth at its center. 2.Ptolemy explained planet orbits and rotations.
3.Introduced the ellipse Although this scheme came close to accomplishing what he wanted, it still came up a little short. So Ptolemy made a couple of refinements. First, he placed Earth slightly away from the center of the deferent. (A slightly off-center circle)
Copernicus- 1473 -1543 As a Polish astronomer, Copernicus made a great leap forward by realizing that the motions of the planets could be explained by placing the Sun at the center of the universe instead of Earth. In his view, Earth was simply one of many planets orbiting the Sun, and the daily motion of the stars and planets were just a reflection of Earth spinning on its axis. 1.Created the sun-centered model of the solar system = Heliocentric.
Copernicus- 1473 -1543 2.Retrograde motion of planets could now be explained. Video clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK9ozJYELR8
Tycho Brahe – 1546 -1601 • Brahe was a Danish nobleman known for: • 1.Accurate and comprehensive observations of the solar system. • 2. He observed a bright “new star” and named it a nova.
Johannes Kepler1571- 1630 • A German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. A key figure in the 17th century scientific revolution, he is best known for his: • 3 Laws of planetary motion
Kepler – 1571 1630 Kepler believed firmly in the Copernican system. Kepler was forced finally to the realization that the orbits of the planets were not the circles demanded by Aristotle and assumed implicitly by Copernicus, but were instead the "flattened circles”. Determined planets did rotate in elliptical paths.
Galileo Galilei – 1564 - 1642 • was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution.
A true scientist • Galileo refined previous theories on motion and falling objects. • He developed the Law of Fall=objects fall at a constant acceleration.
Inventions and improvements: 1. Improved Refracting Telescope (up to 30X) 2. Galileo Thermometer 3. Designed mechanism for pendulum clocks
Soon Galileo began mounting a body of evidence that supported Copernican theory and contradicted Aristotle and Church doctrine. There were Mountains on the moon. Jupiter was orbited by four moons. The sun had spots Venus had phases.
Sir Isaac Newton – 1642 - 1727 • English scientist
Contributions of Isaac Newton 1. Created calculus 2. Built first practical reflecting telescope (mirrors) 40X. 3. 3 Laws of Motion 4. Studied Light and Color 5. Universal laws of gravitation – gravity held planets in orbit
Attach paper into notebook-Page 3 • Turn to page 2 in notebook.
Planetary Motion Pg. 2 Draw and label Models! Geo-Centric Label Earth and Sun
Attach Who’s Who of Early Astronomy to page 3 in your notebook.
