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Major Blood Vessels

Explore the structure and functions of major arteries and veins, including the cerebral circle and arterial circle (Circle of Willis) explained by Alfonso A. Pino, MD. Learn about the arteries of the chest, upper limb, abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs, as well as the venous return from the cranium and upper and lower limbs.

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Major Blood Vessels

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  1. Major Blood Vessels

  2. Vessels • Arteries • Veins • Capillaries

  3. Structure • Walls contain 3 layers • Tunica Externa  anchors vessel to surrounding tissues • Tunica Media  elastic fibers present to allow stretching/recoil • Tunica Intima  lining of the inner vessel (contains epithelia cells)

  4. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  5. Major Arteries

  6. Aorta – Extensions

  7. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  8. THE ARTERIES THAT SUPPLY THE BRAIN & THE CIRCLE OF WILLIS • Vertebral – spinal cord • Basilar -Spinal cord, Medulla Oblongata, Pons • Posterior cerebral a- Posterior Communicating a • Posterior communicating a • Internal carotid a- anterior half of cerebrum • Middle cerebral a- Mesencephalon, cerebral hemispheres • Anterior cerebral a- frontal & parietal lobes • Anterior communicating a- It communicates both Anterior Cerebral a ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  9. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  10. The Cerebral Circle • Location- • It encircles the infundibulum of the pituitary gland • Function of The Cerebral Circle: • Because the brain can receive blood from either the • Carotid & theVertebral arteries, it reduces the • possibilities of serious interruption of circulation ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  11. THE CEREBRAL ARTERIAL CIRCLE (CIRCLE OF WILLIS) • POSTERIOR CEREBRAL A • POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING • ANTERIOR CEREBRAL A • ANTERIOR COMMUNICATING A ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  12. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  13. ARTERIES OF THE CHEST AND UPPER LIMB • L & R subclavian a- arms, chest wall, shoulder, back & CNS • Vertebral a- brain & spinal cord • Mammary a (internal thoracic a)- pericardium &anterior wall of the chest • Axillary a- it crosses the axilla to enter the arm • Humeral circumflex a- head of the humerus • Brachial a- upper limb • Radial a-it follows the radius • Ulnar a- it follows the ulna to the wrist • Superficial & deep palmar arches- hand & digital arteries of the thumb & fingers ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  14. Abdominal Aorta & Extensions

  15. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  16. ABDOMINAL AORTA • Celiac trunk- liver, stomach, spleen • Left gastric a- stomach, esophagus • Splenic a- spleen & arteries to the stomach • Common hepatic a- liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, pancreas • Superior mesenteric a- small intestine, 1st half of large intestine • Renal a- kidneys • Gonadal a- testes (male) / ovaries (female) • Inferior mesenteric a- distal half of the large intestine ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  17. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  18. ARTERIES OF THE PELVIS & LOWER LIMBS • Common iliac a- • Internal iliac a- urinary bladder, internal & external wall of the pelvis, external genitalia, thigh, uterus & vagina • External iliac a • Femoral a- skin & muscles of the thigh • Popliteal a- back of the knee join • Anterior tibial a- skin & muscles of the anterior leg • Posterior tibial a- posterior surface of the Tibia ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  19. Veins – ALWAYS DRAIN THE BLOOD

  20. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  21. VENOUS RETURN FROM THE CRANIUM • Superior sagittal sinus- interior of cerebral hemispheres & choroid plexus • R & L internal jugular v- cranium, face & neck • Temporal v- surface of the head • R & L external jugularv-neck, face, scalp & salivary glands • R & L brachiocephalic v- head , neck & upper extremities. They create the superior v cava ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  22. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  23. VENOUS RETURN FROM THE UPPER LIMB • Subclavian v-upper limbs • Axillary v- brachial v • Brachial v • Radial v-deep palmar v (radial side of forearm) • Ulnar v-deep palmar v (ulnar side of forearm) • Basilic v-superficial arch (medial surface upper limb) • Cephalic v- superficial arch • Median ante brachial v-superficial arch • Median cubital v- imp-to collect blood samples it is connected to the basilic v • Superficial palmar v • Deep palmar v

  24. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  25. VEINS THAT DRAIN THE LOWER LIMB • Common iliac v • R & L internal iliac v- pelvic muscles, skin, urinary & reproductive organs • R&L external iliac v- lower limb • Femoral v • Popliteal v • Posterior tibial v • Anterior tibial v • Peroneal v • Great saphenous v- superficial v of lower limb • Lesser (small) saphenousv- superficial v of leg & foot ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  26. ALFONSO A. PINO. MD.

  27. Azygous System • Drain the intercostal muscles of the thorax

  28. Special Circulations to Consider

  29. Pulmonary Circuit • Pulmonary trunk  pulmonary arteries  lobar arteries (supply the lobes of the lungs where bronchi are • Gasses diffuse across alveoli walls and pulmonary capillaries • Pulmonary capillaries are drained by venules  veins  pulmonary veins  return blood to left atrium

  30. Fetal Circulation • Respiratory and digestive systems are not completely functional • Placenta facilitates exchange of nutrients, waste, and gasses • Umbilical vein carries nutrients and O2 to fetus • Umbilical arteries carry CO2 and waste away to placenta

  31. Hepatic Portal Circulation

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