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The Tumultuous 1960s

The Tumultuous 1960s. Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School @ PagsAPUSH. Presidential Politics. The New Frontier & The Great Society. The Election of 1960. JFK def. Nixon: 303-219 (but by 0.1% pop. vote) Issues: JFK’s Catholicism TV debates. The New Frontier.

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The Tumultuous 1960s

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  1. The Tumultuous 1960s Mr. Pagliaro Seymour High School @PagsAPUSH

  2. Presidential Politics The New Frontier & The Great Society

  3. The Election of 1960 • JFK def. Nixon: 303-219 (but by 0.1% pop. vote) • Issues: • JFK’s Catholicism • TV debates

  4. The New Frontier • JFK challenged Americans to boldy enter “New Frontier” • 1960 DNC - [W]e stand today on the edge of a New Frontier — the frontier of the 1960's, the frontier of unknown opportunities and perils, the frontier of unfilled hopes and unfilled threats. ... Beyond that frontier are uncharted areas of science and space, unsolved problems of peace and war, unconquered problems of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.

  5. Space Race • 1959-1963: Mercury Program • 1961-our first manned flight • 1961- JFK to congress – We choose to go to the moon… • 1962-first orbit • 1965-66: Gemini Program • 1961-72: Apollo • July 20, 1969 – Apollo 11

  6. Peace Corps • JFK created American volunteer program • Aid to underdeveloped nations: • Education • Farming • Health Care • Construction in areas such • Since 1961, over 200,000 Americans have joined the Peace Corps, serving in 139 countries.

  7. Alliance for Progress • 1961 –JFK administration foreign policy- • economic cooperation between the U.S. and South America. • ’61-’67: US aid to Latin America was >$1.4 billion/year • Counter emerging communist threat in Cuba

  8. Bay of Pigs Invasion • April 1961 unsuccessful counter-revolution • CIA-trained Cuban exiles • Failed in 3 days – Cuba aided by Eastern Bloc • Che Guevara to JFK, Aug. 1961, "Thanks for Playa Girón. Before the invasion, the revolution was weak. Now it's stronger than ever.“ • Nov. 1961-authorization of Operation Mongoose

  9. Bay of Pigs • Inherited plan from Eisenhower • Remove Castro from power • Kennedy refused to rescue insurgents • Soviet premier Kruschev secretly sent nuclear missiles to Cuba for defense

  10. From the Desk of Att. General, Robert F. Kennedy April 20, 1961

  11. Cuban Missile Crisis • 1958-1962: US placed missiles in NATO nations • Aimed @ Moscow • Sep.-Oct. 1962: U2 planes discover Soviet missiles in Cuba • US Quarantine • Tension Oct 12-28 • Soviets: withdrew missiles • US: promised to not invade Cuba, remove Turkish missles

  12. New Frontier: Public Welfare School lunch programs Increased social security benefits $3.19 billion towards improving the existing housing supply Creation of Dept. of Housing & Urban Affairs  Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Offenses Control Act Equal Pay Act, 1963-denounced gender discrimination

  13. Camelot & the original “Rock star” president

  14. JFK assassination Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas, TX Lee Harvey Oswald

  15. LBJ & the Great Society • Primary Goals: • Social Welfare • Implement education & job training • Help disadvantage overcome cycle of poverty

  16. Great Society Legislation • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Voting Rights Act of 1965 • Medicare/Medicaid • War on Poverty • Economic Opportunity Act and Office of Economic Opportunity • Federal aid to education • Public Broadcasting

  17. Great Society v. New Deal: similiarities • Enhanced social welfare • Gov’t sponsored employment programs • Gov’t support of arts • Programs to encourage housing construction • Legislation to aid elderly

  18. Great Society v. New Deal: Differences • GS: Preschool education for poor/disadvantaged • Head-start (1965) • low-income children few weeks in summer teach what was needed to know to start kindergarten • GS: Specific civil rights initiatives • Civil Rights Act • Voting Rights Act

  19. Social Movements African-American Civil Rights Women’s Rights

  20. 1963 Birmingham Campaign • Project C- “Confrontation” • Desegregate public buildings and businesses • Led by MLK/SCLC • Centered @ 16th St. Baptist Church • Some objection by local desegregationist leaders • Methods: • Selective Buying Campaign • Sit-ins • Kneel-ins • Voter registration • “Children’s Crusade” – May 2 • MLK-Letter from a Birmingham Jail • Citizens have a, “moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws”

  21. Birmingham Campaign Methods of Protest Methods of deterrent

  22. Birmingham Campaign: Reactions • JFK – upset w/ violence • Demands Congress pass comprehensive Civil Rights Bill

  23. Kennedy and Civil Rights • 1961-Establishment of Equal Opportunity Commission • 6/11/63 National guard aids students @ Univ. of Alabama • Led to 6/11/63 speech: JFK again proposed civil rights legislation • equal access to public schools and other facilities • greater protection of voting rights • Led to NAACP leader Medgar Evers assassination • Assassin arrested next week; not convicted until 1994 • Bob Dylan, Only a Pawn in the Game

  24. August 28, 1963 – March on Washington • 200-300k (20-25% white, 75-80% Africa-American) • “…jobs & freedom…” • MLK Jr. – “I have a Dream” speech

  25. 16th Street Baptist Church Bombing Sept. 15, 1963

  26. Civil Rights Act, 1964 • Passed by Congress – Approved by LBJ • Banned discriminations based upon: • Race • Religion • Ethnicity • Gender • Banned discrimination in private facilities open to the public (theaters, restaurants, etc.)

  27. Votes on the bill… Vote totals The original House version: 290-130   (69%–31%). The Senate version: 73-27   (73%–27%). The Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289-126   (70%–30%). By party The original House version: Democratic Party: 152-96   (61%-39%) Republican Party: 138-34   (80%-20%) Cloture in the Senate: The Senate version: Democratic Party: 46-21   (69%–31%) Republican Party: 27-6   (82%–18%) The Senate version, voted on by the House: Democratic Party: 153-91   (63%–37%) Republican Party: 136-35   (80%–20%)

  28. More votes… The original House version: Southern Democrats: 7–87   (7%–93%) Southern Republicans: 0–10   (0%–100%) Northern Democrats: 145-9   (94%–6%) Northern Republicans: 138-24   (95%–5%) The Senate version: Southern Democrats: 1–20   (5%–95%) Southern Republicans: 0–1   (0%–100%) Northern Democrats: 45-1   (98%–2%) Northern Republicans: 27-5   (84%–16%)

  29. Portions of the Bill Title I: Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. Title II: Outlawed discrimination in all public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term "private.“ Title III: Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, religion, gender, or ethnicity. Title IV: Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.

  30. Portions of the Bill Title V: Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures. Title VI: Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds. Title VII: prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin Title VIII: Required compilation of voter-registration and voting data

  31. Portions of the Bill • Title IX: Fair trials; • expanded in 1972-"No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid.“ • Title X: Established the Community Relations Service • Title XI: Established rules for juries in cases under first 9 portions

  32. “Black Power” Movement • prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s • Emphasizing: • racial pride • creation of black political and cultural institutions • establishing control of political and economic life • Leaders included: • Malcom X – The Nation of Islam • Stokely Carmichael – Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee • Huey Newton – Black Panthers

  33. Cultural Pride • Stokely Carmichael: “We have to stop being ashamed of being black. [This] is us and we are going to call that beautiful whether [people] like it or not.” “Black is Beautiful” movement • Focus on developing a cultural identity • Connecting w/ roots • hair styles • food

  34. Influence on arts & Culture • Alex Haley – • The Autobiography of Malcolm X (1965) • Roots (1976) • Maya Angelou- • I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) • Motown • Establishment of Kwanzaa (Winter 1966-67) • Unity • Self-Determination • Collective Work and Responsibility • Cooperative Economics • Purpose • Creativity • Faith

  35. Motown First label owned by African-Americans “Cross-over popularity” Supremes, Four Tops, Jackson 5, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, Smokey Robinson & the Miracles

  36. Women’s Rights Movement • Betty Friedan • The Feminine Mystique – 1963 • “The problem lay, buried, unspoken in the minds of American women…Each suburban wife struggled with it alone as she made beds, shopped for groceries…Is this all?” • Created National Organization for Women (NOW) – 1966 • Challenged workplace gender discrimination • Challenged traditional roles of women • Feminist movement = movement of middle class women

  37. Expansion of Women’s Rights • The following expanded women’s rights: • Affirmative Action regulation • First marketed birth control pill, 1961 • Title VII of Civil Rights Act, 1964 • Title IX expansion, 1972 • Roe v. Wade, 1973 • Equal Credit Opportunity Act, 1974

  38. Confrontations Abroad & at Home Vietnam and Protests

  39. Antiwar/Counter Culture Groups Protesting Issues • African Americans • Native Americans • Women • Youth • Latinos • Vietnam War • Sexism • Bureaucratic Nature of America • Racism • Economic status of minorities • Materialism

  40. Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 1964 • US alleged No. Vietnam torpedoed US destroyers • 2 separate incidents • Unprovoked • No facts fully explained

  41. Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 1964 • Passed congress overwhelmingly • Authorized President to “take all necessary measures…” • Repel armed attack • Prevent further aggression • Essentially LBJ’s “blank check” to escalate war • Dramatically increased American presence

  42. The Tet Offensive, 1968 • What happened? • Jan. 1968 – Viet Cong launched attacks on 27 So. Vietnamese cities (inc. Saigon) • VC eventually retreated; heavy casualties

  43. Attacks on Saigon

  44. Consequences • Undermined credibility of LBJ and Westmoreland • Support for war decreased • Antiwar sentiment increased

  45. The election of 1968 • Decision of the Democrats • LBJ didn’t run • Assassination of RFK • Divide between VP Hubert Humphrey and Sen. Eugene McCarthy • Humphrey won nomination • Antiwar demonstrations at Chicago, DNC • Divided party

  46. “The whole world is watching!”

  47. George Wallace & White Backlash • Former gov. of Alabama • American Independent Party • States rights & segregation • Appealed to those upset by violence & civil disobedience

  48. Richard Nixon back again… DNC issues benefitted Rep. Richard Nixon Promised to restore law and order Appealed to middle class Americans

  49. 1968 Election Nixon – 301 Humphrey – 191 Wallace - 46

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