Through such works as his Plurality of Worlds , Bernard de Fontenelle

1. Through such works as his Plurality of Worlds, Bernard de Fontenelle • confirmed the theories of Descartes on dualism • brought the findings of science to a lay audience • provided precise definitions of all recent scientific terms • brought doubt on the legitimacy of the French class structure • championed the idea of separation of powers

2. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that • sought to support old traditions • departed from the thought processes of the Scientific Revolution • supported both Protestant and Catholic churches • sought to reconcile faith and reason • sought to apply reason to understand human life

3. The writers of travel literature in the eighteenth century portrayed • non-Christian religions as primitive and barbarous • Asians as immoral and intolerant • foreign philosophies as incomplete, waiting for Christian fulfillment • people living in nature in foreign places as happier than Europeans • democracy on other continents as superior to the monarchies in Europe

4. Montesquieu’s most important contribution to political science was his • analysis of the faults in the French political system • satire on French customs, supposedly written by two Arabs • praise for what he considered England’s system of checks and balances • critique of Machiavelli’s The Prince • support for freedom of the press and religion

5. In his writings, Voltaire condemned • religious and legal intolerance • the Catholic Church for its persecution of the religious minority • parental mistreatment of their children • the practice of extraditing accused persons to foreign countries • corporal and capital punishment

6. Adam Smith argued the state should not interfere in economic matters in • The Wealth of Nations • The Spirit of the Laws • Philosophic Letters on the English • Treatise on Toleration • Treatise on Human Nature

7. Rousseau argued in his novel Emile that education • would and should blur the old distinctions between men and women • should represent the General Will of the society • was impossible in a world where man is no longer free • must combine heart and mind, sentiment and reason • should be supported by the state

8. In Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that • women should have equal rights despite their natural inferiority • even though women were as reasonable as men they should not have equal rights • equality of sexes in marriage would be achieved soon • the subjection of men to women was wrong • women should enjoy equal social, economic, and political rights with men

9. The salons • increased in importance during the French Revolution • typically were composed of members of the lower and middle classes • allowed the hostesses to influence political events and ideas • did not allow conversation critical of either the government or established religion • were subsidized by the government

10. The Rococo style of the eighteenth century • continued the stylistic elements of the Baroque • impacted architectural style only • focused on religious themes • emphasized movement towards graceful and gentle lines rather than strict lines • focused on the emotions of anger and hate

11. Mozart took his place in the pantheon of composers because of his • early rise to international fame • tragic life and early death as a pauper • successful competition with old men like Bach and Haydn • apparently effortless blend of grace, emotion, and precision • influence at the English court

12. The emergence of a high culture in the eighteenth century contributed to a • growing sense of commonality and shared experience between the elite and poor • increased literacy among the poor • growing divide between the elite and the poor • declining literacy among the elites • a decline of elements of popular culture

13. During the eighteenth century, lower-class criminals condemned to death were often • drawn and quartered • guillotined • hanged • drowned • beheaded

14. Enlightenment thought regarding religious toleration contributed to • an end to all persecution of religious minorities • greater acceptance of Jews, but religious persecution continued • the granting of full political and civil rights for Jews • the conversion of Jews to Christianity for the purposes of full assimilation to society • the granting of full economic equality for Jews

15. John Wesley incurred the animosity of Anglican Church officials because • he criticized their lavish and indulgent life style • he conducted worship services in the vernacular English of his day • his services were often filled with excessive emotional enthusiasm • he called on his followers not to attend regular Anglican services • he would not support the Pietistic teachings of the church