First Superheroes: rugged individuals who took law into own hands dispensing “frontier justice”

2. First Superheroes: rugged individuals who took law into own hands dispensing “frontier justice” Refuge from Great Depression Passport to other worlds Scores of caped heroes: Scions of lost races Monarchs of mythical lands Scientists with transformative formulas Adventurers with magical artifact Tough guys defending ordinary people

3. First female superheroes Not sexy nymphs in revealing costumes The Woman in Red: scarlet coat, mask, skull cap Fantomah: terrifying, skull-faced protectress of jungle Madam Fatal: actually a man; adopts guise of old lady; first transvestite crime fighter Red Tornado: burly, working class mother in long johns, cape, cooking pot on head

4. Common plot device:secret identity

5. Being true self Forced into roles of well-mannered daughters or girlfriends Secret life gave these women chance to be themselves Cape & mask liberated women Life type of life they dreamed of Make the world a better place

6. Early Female Superheroes The Debutantes The Partners The Victory Girls The Glamour Girls

7. The Debutantes Sorority of rich girls Daughters of affluent families looking for excitement Freed from life of entitled boredom Thrill seekers with time & money, enjoying double life of danger & excitement while doing good Strong, determined women living life they want

8. The Partners Women better assistants to male heroes rather than working on own Inducted into world of crime fighting by men who played fatherly role by sanctioning secret life for girlfriends Heroines did not need to deceive loved ones No inherent desire to do good: fighting crime proved love for boyfriend! Not highly regarded by male readers: weal appendages to male heroes Often portrayed as liabilities: routinely rescued by male partners Always referred to as “girls” never “women” Names never featured in comic’s title Reflection of men & never top billing Assured that female superheroes maintain presence in comics

9. The Victory Girls Defenders of American democracy & values Patriotic, red-blooded American ladies, wearing costumes, to fight the good fight Part patriot, part pin-up Proved everyone had role to play in war Carry on activities in secret Created to fight Hun, no role in post-war comic book world

10. The Glamour Girls Gorgeous pinups whose job to fight crime & keep male readers visually entertained Working class females whose world harder & grittier Depicted as wallflowers that kept charisma bottled up When let hair down, became ravishing creatures that made men drool Thirst for justice Donned mask or wig to help a man but did it in secret Emphasis on love in stories dovetailed with rise of romance comics

11. New face & shape of female comic heroes Beautiful face could save world Focus on looks over abilities Age of fearless women living secret lives to live with same freedoms as men drawing to close Comic heroines go back to being women Daring women of late 30s & 40s vanishing from comic books Age of gods & heroes passed Replaced by jungle queens in animal print bikinis: no secret lives, lived like wild nymphs, no special powers, didn’t need to be brilliant

12. Lone Survivor By mid-1950s, Wonder Woman on own Rest of super heroines faded into memory Comics Code Authority (1954) instituted to clean up excesses of industry Children read stories with only wholesome depictions of women Nudity in any form is prohibited, as is indecent or undue exposure. Suggestive and salacious illustration or suggestive posture is unacceptable. Females shall be drawn realistically without exaggeration of any physical feature New day in America: wracked with suspicion, censorship & conservative values If women had aspirations to be more than they were, they would have to keep them a secret

13. Super Vixens Female superheroes. Superheroines. Supervixens. Femme Fatales. Uber-vamps. Supertramps. Sexy, strong, in control, smart, and successful Won a die-hard fan following among women in the last decade Simplistic to dismiss contemporary comic books and their depictions of women as unrealistic or sexist Beauty is more than physical appearance, it always involves inner strength and moral fortitude Extremes of the superheroine as sex object aside, over the course of the last 50 years supervixens have—like real-life women—clawed their way from one-dimensionality to prominence