Emperor Hammurabi receives a code of laws from the god Shamash, patron of justice.

1. North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times The region’s history includes Fertile Crescent and Egyptian civilizations, the birth of three major religions, and the spread of Muslim empires. Emperor Hammurabi receives a code of laws from the god Shamash, patron of justice. NEXT

2. Physical Geography SECTION 1 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent SECTION 2 Ancient Egypt SECTION 3 Birthplace of Three Religions SECTION 4 Muslim Empires SECTION 5 North Africa and Southwest Asia: Place and Times NEXT

3. Section 1 Physical Geography Water and the lack of it has shaped this region of flooding rivers, little rainfall, and surrounding seas. NEXT

4. SECTION 1 Physical Geography Rivers and Deserts Water’s Importance • Little rain falls, so water and lack of water shapes region - in area’s deserts, water is only found in oasis areas • Annual river flooding makes some areas’ soil fertile—productive - fertile soil has nutrients to help plants grow NEXT

5. SECTION 1 Three Rivers From Hunter-Gatherers to Farmers • Hunter-gatherers hunt, fish, and gather wild grain, fruit, nuts - humans have been hunter-gatherers 99% of their time on Earth • Hunter-gatherers eventually settle, raise animals, crops - first areas settled include Nile, Tigris, Euphrates river valleys • Nile flows from east central Africa through Egypt • Tigris, Euphrates flow from southeast Turkey into Persian Gulf Continued . . . NEXT

6. SECTION 1 continuedThree Rivers How Rivers Enrich the Soil • Rivers allow farming in region’s salty, sandy soil • Melted snow from Ethiopian mountains floods Nile • Melted snow in Turkish highlands floods Tigris, Euphrates • Floods leave behind fertile soil Irrigation • To get water from rivers to farms, farmers develop irrigation - irrigation—methods of bringing water to dry land NEXT

7. SECTION 1 Surrounding Waters Trade Routes • Mild climate of land around Mediterranean Sea attracts settlers - early civilizations form on eastern shores • Red Sea is historically an important trade route for goods, ideas • Persian Gulf also important trade route - important today because it is in the middle of oil-rich region Continued . . . NEXT

8. SECTION 1 continuedSurrounding Waters Energy from an Ancient Sea • Huge sea covered region millions of years ago • Sea creatures’ bodies sank to bottom, were covered by mud, sand • Over time, heat and pressure turn dead matter into petroleum, or oil Turkey • Turkey is cooler then rest of region, gets more rain • Has grasslands, forest areas NEXT

9. Section 2 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent Ancient Mesopotamia’s complex civilization, based on city-states, develops a code of laws and a written language. NEXT

10. SECTION 2 Ancient Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent The Mesopotamian City-State The Fertile Crescent • Hammurabi—ancient Mesopotamian emperor, ruled 1792–1750 B.C. • Mesopotamia—Greek for “land between the rivers” • Covers area of Iraq, parts of Syria, Turkey • Region called Fertile Crescent due to shape, fertile soil Continued . . . NEXT

11. SECTION 2 continuedThe Mesopotamian City-State City-States • Sumerians—first inhabitants form city-states around 3000 B.C. • City-state—city and areas it controls • Three challenges influence development of city-states: - high walls protect from hostile invaders - irrigation canals provide water to area with little rainfall - allow safe trading of grain, dates, cloth for stones, metals, timber Continued . . . NEXT

12. SECTION 2 continuedThe Mesopotamian City-State Government by Priests and Kings • Each city-state builds temple to specific guardian god - temple is built on ziggurat—pyramid-shaped tower • City-states are first ruled by temple priests, then elected leaders - leaders later become kings • Kings control politics, military; priests control religion, economy Continued . . . NEXT

13. SECTION 2 continuedThe Mesopotamian City-State From Kings to Emperors • Sometimes kings conquer other city-states - let conquered city-states keep gods, local control • Some kings build empires from conquered lands - empire—group of countries under one ruler’s control - force conquered people to worship emperor as god NEXT

14. SECTION 2 The Class System The Three Classes • Mesopotamia has class system—society divided into social groups - each group, or class, has certain rights, protections • Top class: kings, priests, rich property owners • Middle class: skilled workers, merchants, farmers • Bottom class: slave workers - some captured in wars, others sold into slavery to pay debts NEXT

15. SECTION 2 A Culture Based on Writing Cuneiform • Cuneiform—one of first systems of writing, developed by Sumerians - used to write lists, records, histories, religious beliefs, science • Most Sumerians cannot write; scribes trained to keep records Educating Scribes • Most scribes are children of rich officials, priests, merchants • Boys, some girls attend “tablet houses”—scribe schools • Memorize 600 wedge-shaped characters Continued . . . NEXT

16. SECTION 2 continuedA Culture Based on Writing Scribes Played Many Roles • Scribes also write own literary, scientific works - some women write lullabies, love songs • Traveling scribes share writings from other countries • Scribes read works out loud to audiences • Stories include tales from The Epic of Gilgamesh NEXT

17. Section 3 Ancient Egypt The civilization of the ancient Egyptians developed in response to both its desert environment and the flooding waters of the Nile River. NEXT

18. SECTION 3 Ancient Egypt Ancient Egypt and the Nile The River in the Sand • Greek historian Herodotus calls Egypt “the gift of the Nile” • Most of Egypt is desert, which discourages invaders - Nile is called “the river in the sand” • Egyptians, farmers plan their year around Nile flooding - but cannot predict amount of flooding each year - low floods limit crops; high floods destroy fields, homes Continued . . . NEXT

19. SECTION 3 continuedAncient Egypt and the Nile Taming the Nile • Build canals to carry water from river to dry areas • Strengthen riverbanks to prevent overflow • Use Nile to travel between cities; build boats, harbors, ports • Nile made trade profitable, removed need for many roads The Nile’s Gifts • Nile mud used for pottery, bricks • Papyrus—paperlike material from papyrus plant found in Nile marshes NEXT

20. SECTION 3 The Great Builders The Pyramids • Idea of afterlife important to life, culture • Build huge temples, monuments, pyramids—four triangular sides • Pyramids built as afterlife palaces for pharaohs—kings Materials and Labor • Pyramids built with large blocks of stone, capped with gold • Builders use hieroglyphics—write with pictographs for words, sounds • All families help with dangerous work, as laborers, food providers NEXT

21. SECTION 3 The Pharaoh and the Gods Religion in Daily Life • Pharaoh considered to be son of sun god Re,linked to sky god Horus - Pharoah is Egypt’s main judge, commander, religious figure • Temples built to honor major gods, local gods, pharaohs - only priests carried out temple rituals • Most citizens pray, make offerings in other buildings, home shrines Continued . . . NEXT

22. SECTION 3 continuedThe Pharaoh and the Gods Preparing for the Afterlife • Average citizens are not buried in pyramids • Family members bury relatives, tend to their spirits - preserve bodies from decay by mummifying them - fill tombs with items for dead to use - decorate tombs with art - make regular offerings to honor dead NEXT

23. Section 4 Birthplace of Three Religions Southwest Asia was the birthplace of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. NEXT

24. SECTION 4 Birthplace of Three Religions Three Religions Jerusalem • City has been home for centuries to Jews, Christians, Muslims • Each group believes in only one god—monotheism - Sumerians, Egyptians believe in many gods—polytheism • Each religion was begun by single person, has sacred writings NEXT

25. SECTION 4 Abraham and the Origin of Judaism Yahweh and Abraham • Hebrews, first monotheists, believe Yahweh spoke to Abraham - has him leave Mesopotamian Ur, settle in Canaan (now Israel) • Abraham’s descendants are Jews; religion is Judaism Continued . . . NEXT

26. SECTION 4 continuedAbraham and the Origin of Judaism How Judaism Adapted over Time • In 586 B.C., Babylonians destroy Jews’ First Temple in Jerusalem - Jews are exiled to Babylon • Persians take over Mesopotamia 50 years later - Jews return to Jerusalem, rebuild Temple • Jerusalem, Temple destroyed when Jews fight Roman rule in A.D. 66 • Most Jews live outside Jerusalem for next 1,800 years NEXT

27. SECTION 4 Jesus and the Birth of Christianity Early Life • Around 8 to 4 B.C., Jewish boy Jesus born in Bethlehem, Palestine • According to Bible’s Gospels, written decades after his death: - grew up in Galilee, baptized at age 30 by cousin John the Baptist - for 3 years, preaches love, forgiveness; performs miracles - 12 disciples, other followers believe he is Jewish Messiah—savior - called Christ—Greek for messiah; followers called Christians Continued . . . NEXT

28. SECTION 4 continuedJesus and the Birth of Christianity Final Days • Some government, religious leaders feel Jesus, followers are threat - in Jerusalem, Jesus betrayed by disciple, Judas Iscariot - arrested, tried, crucified; disciples believe he was resurrected Beginnings of Christianity • Disciples spread Jesus’ teachings and belief he was Jewish Messiah • Christianity develops from Jewish roots, spreads around world • Today, few Christians live in Southwest Asia NEXT

29. SECTION 4 Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam The Region’s Third Monotheistic Religion • Muhammad born in Mecca around A.D. 570 - founder of Islam—religion with one god, whose prophet is Muhammad - Muslim—believer in Islam • Muslims believe that around 610, Muhammad is commanded by a voice Continued . . . NEXT

30. SECTION 4 continuedMuhammad, the Prophet of Islam Muhammad’s Teachings • Muhammad believes angel Gabriel tells him the will of God - Gabriel sends him revelations over next 22 years • Revelations later collected into Qur’an—sacred text of Islam • Muhammad shares divine messages, criticizes rich of Mecca • Mecca’s leaders try to kill Muhammad • In 622, Muhammad, followers escape to nearby Medina NEXT

31. Section 5 Muslim Empires Islamic beliefs and culture spread out Southwest Asia and much of the world NEXT

32. SECTION 5 Muslim Empires The Five Pillars of Islam Religious Duties • Five Pillars of Islam—Muslims’ important religious duties - these duties unite Muslims around the world NEXT

33. SECTION 5 Muslim Empires Conquest, Trade, and Learning • After Muhammad’s death, a caliph is chosen to succeed him • Caliphs form caliphate—empire—as theocracy, ruled by religious leader • Caliphate’s vast trading system spreads Islamic ideas, artwork • In early Middle Ages, Muslims save important books, papers - preserve ancient world’s knowledge, later studied by Europeans Islam in Europe • Muslims conquer Spain, but stopped in 732 at Tours by Charles Martel NEXT

34. SECTION 5 The Ottoman Empire Suleiman, “The Magnificent” • Muslim Ottoman Empire controls Turkey, other parts of region - ruled by sultans from capital Constantinople(now Istanbul) • Sultans tolerate other religions • In 1500s Suleiman I creates code of laws for system of justice - called “The Magnificent” by Christians, “The Lawgiver” by Muslims • Under Suleiman I, Empire is richest, most powerful in region, Europe NEXT

35. SECTION 5 Slaves and Soldiers The Janissaries • Many male slaves in Empire are soldiers • Janissaries—special group of soldiers loyal to sultan - developed in late 1300s out of slave forces • So powerful by 1660s, sultans feared them • Attacked sultan in 1826 - 6,000 Janissaries are killed; sultan disbands force NEXT

36. SECTION 5 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire Weakening in the 1800s • Empire constantly fights wars, grows weak - cannot compete with industrialized trade - comes close to bankruptcy in 1800s • Sultan Mehmed V on losing side of WWI, gives up Arab lands • By 1924, Ottoman Empire is replaced by modern Turkey NEXT