WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA An Overview by R. JEYASEELAN CHAIRMAN, CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION

1. WATER RESOURCES • DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA • An Overview • by • R. JEYASEELAN • CHAIRMAN, CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION

2. The Resource • Achievements • Future Scenario • Actions Needed

3. Rainfall Average Annual Rainfall - 1170 mm Maximum Average Annual Rainfall - 11000 mm (Cherrapunji) Minimum Average Annual Rainfall - 100 mm (Western Rajasthan)

4. Spatial Variation of Rainfall

5. Temporal Variation All India

6. Water Availability (In Billion cubic metre) Total Precipitation : 4000 Total Water Availability : 1869 Total Utilisable Water : 1122 • Surface Water - 690 • Ground Water - 432

7. Per Capita Availability

8. Achievements

9. Irrigation Development Potential Created as % of Ultimate Irrigation Potential

10. Irrigation Sources

11. Storage Created (In billion cubic metre)

12. Per Capita Storage

13. Future Scenario

14. Water Demand Total Anticipated Demand (In Billion cubic metre) In 2010 : 813 710 * In 2025 : 1093 843 * In 2050 : 14471180 * Total Utilisable Water :1122 (690+432) S.W G.W * With improved management

15. Water Availability (In Billion cubic metre) Total Precipitation : 4000 Total Water Availability : 1869 Total Utilisable Water : 1122 • Surface Water - 690 • Ground Water - 432

16. Demands of Various Sectors

17. Demands of Various Sectors(in %)

18. Ground Water Exploitation

19. Goal • Pace of development to match with increasing water demands • Adoption of better management practices

20. Development & Management Integrated approach with due consideration to major, medium, minor (both surface and ground water) schemes as well as traditional system of water conservation

21. Efficient Use of Water • Optimal water utilization • Minimization of water losses

22. People’s Participation • Awareness of scarcity value of water • Promotion of water conservation • Involvement of beneficiaries & other stakeholders in project planning & at subsequent stages of development • Participatory approach in management of water resources for diverse uses

23. Objectives • Better understanding of issues • Bringing about consensus • Adopting the best suited approach

24. The Gap • Availability and Utilization • Potential - Created and Utilized • Demand and Availability

25. Availability and Utilization Excessive utilization of surface water • Water logging problems • Salinity problems

26. Land Use • Geographical area : 328.73 Mha • Cultivable area : 180.35 Mha • Net cultivated area : 141.10 Mha • Net irrigated area : 54.68 Mha • Rainfed cultivated area : 86.42 Mha

27. Sources of Irrigation

28. Major, Medium & Minor Projects – Irrigation Potential • P.C.* upto 1951 : 22.6 Mha# (9.7 Maj & Med & 12.9 Minor ) • P.C. upto IX Plan : 93.95 Mha (37.05 Maj & Med and 56.90 Minor) • Population Potential Food Production • (Million) (Mha.) (Million Tonnes) • 1951 361 22.60 51 • 2001 1027 93.95 @ 211 • *P.C : Potential Created @ Potential Utilised : 80.06 Mha • # Mha : Million Hectare

29. Some Issues to be considered for improving Irrigation Efficiency : • Application of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation, where applicable • Canal Automation & Volumetric Measurement of supply • Benchmarking of Irrigation Systems • Water Audit / Budgeting • Appropriate pricing of water

30. Actions Needed • Pace of water resources development to match with the increasing water demands • Adoption of better management practices • Investigation and research for sustainable utilization of more & more available water

31. Efficient Utilization of Water Resources in Irrigation

32. Irrigation Efficiency • No realistic national level assessment of overall irrigation efficiencies • The overall efficiencies obtained (guess- estimation) • 35-40 percent in surface water • 65-70 percent in ground water.

33. Irrigation Efficiency • Irrigation efficiency in surface water use considered to be low • Every developmental activity has some problems • Irrigation no exception • Irrigation efficiencies in other developing regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, Near East & North Africa, East Asia also in same range • Scope for improvement in irrigation efficiency exists

34. Reasons for low irrigation efficiencies Main reasons for low efficiency: • Excessive seepage loss • Inefficient water management • Lack of maintenance • Inadequate funds • Low water charges • Inequitable and untimely supplies • Lack of operation plan • Over use of water by head reach farmers • Shift towards high water consuming crops • Lack of involvement of stakeholders

35. NATIONAL WATER POLICY-2002 WATER ALLOCATION PRIORITIES • In the planning and operation of systems, water allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: • Drinking water • Irrigation • Hydro Power • Ecology • Agro-Industries and non-agricultural industries • Navigation and Other Uses However, the priorities could be modified or added if warranted by the area/region specific considerations.

36. CONSERVATION OF WATER • Efficiency of utilisation in all the diverse uses of water should be optimised and an awareness of water as a scarce resource should be fostered. • Conservation consciousness should be promoted through education, regulation, incentives and disincentives. • The resources should be conserved and the availability augmented by maximising retention, eliminating pollution and minimising losses. For this, measures like lining in the conveyance system, modernization and rehabilitation of existing systems , recycling and re-use of treated effluents and techniques like drip and sprinkler may be promoted.

37. PROJECT PLANNING • There should be an integrated and multi-disciplinary approach to the planning, formulation, clearance and implementation of projects, including catchment area treatment and management, environmental and ecological aspects, the rehabilitation of affected people and command area development. • The drainage system should form an integral part of any irrigation project right from the planning stage. • The involvement and participation of beneficiaries and other stakeholders should be encouraged right from the project planning stage itself.

38. FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL SUSTAINABILITY • Besides creating additional water resources facilities for various uses, adequate emphasis needs to be given to the physical and financial sustainability of existing facilities. • There is a need to ensure that the water rates for various uses should be fixed in such a way that they cover at least the operation and maintenance charges of providing the service initially and a part of the capital costs subsequently. • These rates should be linked directly to the quality of service provided. The subsidy on water rates to the disadvantaged and poorer sections of the society should be well targeted and transparent.

39. STATUS OF PROJECTS UNDER APPRAISAL

40. Projects under various stages of appraisal Note *Inter-state aspect is involved in 50 projects

41. Irrigation Projects In India

42. Pre-Fifth & Fifth Plan Ongoing ProjectsSpilling Over to X Plan

43. Projects of X Plan

45. X PLAN TARGET

46. ACCELERATED IRRIGATION BENEFITS PROGRAMME( A I B P ) Total CLA released upto March 2004: Rs.14348Cr. • No. of Projects under AIBP : 180 • No. of Projects completed : 29 • No. of Projects discontinued by States under AIBP : 10 • Net No. of projects under AIBP : 141 • Potential created under AIBP : 2.2 Mha(3/2003) • No. of projects benefiting Drought Prone Areas : 76

47. AIBPLIKELY COMPLETION OF PROJECTS • Continuing Projects - 141 • Likely to be completed in 2004-05 - 37 • Likely to be completed in 2005-06 & 2006-07 - 46 • Projects likely to be delayed beyond X Plan - 58

48. Thank You