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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Fleets

Explore the use of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel for energy security and sustainability in the short and long term. Learn about the challenges and benefits of transitioning to a hydrogen economy.

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Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Fleets

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  1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus Fleets

  2. POLICY DESCRIPTION #1The use of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel: • For the short term • diminishes our reliance on imported oil and ensures a more secure energy future. http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/faqs.html

  3. POLICY DESCRIPTION #2The use of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel: • In the long run • brings us one step closer to the “hydrogen economy” hydrogen http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/trb2000.pdf

  4. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe, however, it doesn’t exist in it’s pure form on earth. It must be extracted. The goal is to extract hydrogen cleanly - avoiding the pollution that comes from relying on a carbon fuel as the energy carrier. What is the goal of the “hydrogen economy?” http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/hydrotech.html http://www.h2fuelcells.org/commentary1_1.html

  5. Why should we pursue the “hydrogen economy?” #1 • Domestic fossil fuel supply is down http://www.phoenixproject.net/abstract.pdf

  6. Energy consumption will likely rise exponentially Why should we pursue the “hydrogen economy?” #2 http://www.phoenixproject.net/abstract.pdf

  7. Where are we getting our hydrogen from today? http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/hydrotech.html http://www.h2fuelcells.org/commentary1_1.html

  8. Why not get hydrogen from other fossil fuels? #1 • Natural Gas is potentially the most abundant fossil fuel http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/trb2000.pdf

  9. Why not get hydrogen from other fossil fuels? #2 • The expansive existing infrastructure for delivering gasoline makes even that dirty fuel an option. http://www.h2fuelcells.org/commentary1_1.html http://mail.infomagic.net/fdsc/servicestationglare.htm

  10. Why not get hydrogen from renewables? #1 • Although the technology is at our fingertips, renewable hydrogen is currently too expensive http://www.ott.doe.gov/pdfs/trb2000.pdf

  11. Why not get hydrogen from renewables? #2 • For the long run, we’ve got to keep our eyes on the prize. http://www.nmsea.org/Curriculum/7_12/electrolysis/electrolysis.htm http://www.h2fuelcells.org/commentary1_1.html

  12. There are three main obstacles to hydrogen fuel cell bus fleets: Supply Costs Infrastructure Development Safety SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS

  13. Supply costs include: Hydrogen Fuel Costs Bus Costs Cost of Facilities Problem #1: Supply Costs

  14. The most economical hydrogen fueling scenarios cost around $15-20/GJ delivered to the vehicle (without taxes), which is two to three times more than gasoline before taxes. According to EIA energy price projections, electrolyzer-based hydrogen production is costly, resulting in a hydrogen cost of around $40/GJ (without taxes). Problem #1(A): Hydrogen Fuel Costs • The Energy Information Agency (EIA) is part of the DOE http://www-db.research.anl.gov/db1/cartech/document/DDD/192.pdf http://www.cartech.doe.gov/research/fuels/best-fuels.html

  15. The busses will cost too much until they can be mass produced Problem #1(B): Bus Costs http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/february01/feature.html

  16. Cost of Compressing H2 Problem #1(C): Cost of Facilities http://www.cai-infopool.org/downloads/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation-sunline.pdf

  17. Problem #1(C): Cost of Facilities • Cost of Storing H2 http://www.cai-infopool.org/downloads/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation-sunline.pdf

  18. Problem #1(C): Cost of Facilities • Cost of Dispensing H2 http://www.cai-infopool.org/downloads/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation-sunline.pdf http://www.hygen.com/solar_hydrogen_vehicle_project.htm

  19. Problem #1(C): Cost of Facilities • Cost of Maintenance Facilities http://www.cai-infopool.org/downloads/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation-sunline.pdf http://www.rio02.de/proceedings/ppt/217_Schettino.pdf

  20. Problem #1(C): Cost of Facilities Significant startup costs are needed http://www.cai-infopool.org/downloads/fuel-cell-bus-evaluation-sunline.pdf

  21. Infrastructure development includes: Technology Providers Refueling Station Investment General Investment Problem #2: Infrastructure Development

  22. Two main technology providers are: Ballard Power Systems Inc. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG Problem #2(A): Technology Providers

  23. The DaimlerChrysler “New Electric Bus” impressively demonstrated the possibilities of fuel cells in the heavy-duty sector The “Nebus” Ballard Power Systems Inc. #1 http://www.ballard.com/tD.asp?pgid=26&dbid=0

  24. Three local busses in Chicago and three in Vancouver, using Ballard fuel cell engines proved their efficiency in everyday operation during two separate two-year test programs. Collectively these six busses traveled over 73,000 miles in revenue service carrying over 200,000 passengers. The “P3 Bus” Ballard Power Systems Inc. #2 http://www.ballard.com/tD.asp?pgid=26&dbid=0

  25. The ZEbus was demonstrated with the SunLine Transit Agency for a one-year period in Thousand Palms, California, as part of the California Fuel Cell Partnership. The “ZEbus” Ballard Power Systems Inc. #3 http://www.ballard.com/tD.asp?pgid=26&dbid=0

  26. Ballard began delivery of fuel cell bus engines in late 2002 for the 30 Mercedes-Benz Citaro busses to be used in the European Fuel Cell Bus Project. These busses will be delivered to 10 European cities beginning in 2003 as the EU leads the way in the adoption of zero-emission fuel cell technology. The “Citaro Fuel Cell Bus” Ballard Power Systems Inc. #4 http://www.ballard.com/tD.asp?pgid=26&dbid=0

  27. The “Citaro Fuel Cell Bus” Citaro Fuel Cell Busses will also be operating in Perth, Western Australia Ballard Power Systems Inc. #5 http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/technology.html

  28. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG #1 • MAN AG has been providing hydrogen bus technology, primarily in Munich, Germany, since 1996 http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/iea/pdfs/bavarian_proj.pdf

  29. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG #2 • MAN AG’s most recent project is for a Berlin, Lisbon, and Copenhagen bus trial. • If successful, conversion of a large portion of the bus fleet and a stationary filling station will be implemented. http://www.eihp.org/eihp1/workshop/experts/bvg/start.html http://www.bizspaceautomobile.com/fuel_cell_bus.htm

  30. MAN Nutzfahrzeuge AG #3 http://www.bizspaceautomobile.com/fuel_cell_bus.htm http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/iea/pdfs/bavarian_proj.pdf

  31. Problem #2(A): Technology Providers • Just like the first automobiles, fuel cell busses have not yet achieved a standard design. • The fuel cell busses in existence worldwide show a wide range of technical solutions because the automotive supplier base is only still forming. http://www.eere.energy.gov/hydrogenandfuelcells/hydrogen/iea/pdfs/bavarian_proj.pdf

  32. Problem #2(A): Technology Providers However, the supplier base is forming http://www.dpi.wa.gov.au/fuelcells/presentations/hamburg/page30.html

  33. Refueling stations can be either portable or stationary. The refueling station infrastructure is slowly becoming a reality. Problem #2(B): Refueling Station Investment

  34. Munich airport's new hydrogen filling station In June 1999, an $18 million hydrogen production & fueling station opened at the Munich Airport Problem #2(B): Refueling Station Investment http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/june99/feature.html

  35. In October 2002, two new hydrogen fueling stations opened in CA and Germany. In November 2002, a third opened in Nevada. More sites around Los Angeles are moving towards approval, and fueling equipment is beginning to be ordered for Europe's 10-city fuel cell urban bus project. The latest addition to the growing number of hydrogen fueling facilities worldwide is located in Richmond, CA Problem #2(B): Refueling Station Investment http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/November02/features.html

  36. Problem #2(B): Refueling Station Investment In July 2001, the first solar-powered hydrogen production and fueling station in the Los Angeles area was opened by American Honda Motor Co. http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/august01/

  37. Problem #2(B): Refueling Station Investment A solar-powered, permanent hydrogen fueling station using electrolysis is the ideal scenario. http://www-building.arct.cam.ac.uk/westc/pv/pv.html

  38. Clean Air Now Project (1995-1997) Over a period of two years, Stuart Energy fueled a fleet of hydrogen vehicles at Xerox's site in El Segundo, California, using hydrogen produced from solar power. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #1 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  39. Coast Mountain Transit Project (1998-2000) Stuart Energy fueled three hydrogen fuel cell buses used by Coast Mountain Transit in its regular fleet in the city of Vancouver. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #2 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  40. SunLine Transit (2000-) In California, Stuart Energy is providing hydrogen fuel to SunLine Transit Agency for a fuel cell bus. To meet the hydrogen needs of participants of the California Fuel Cell Partnership, the Stuart Energy fueler will be available to the public for refueling as hydrogen cars are introduced in the area. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #3 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  41. B.C. Hydro-Powertech Labs & NRC Fuel Cell Technology Center (2001-) In Surrey and Vancouver, B.C., to demonstrate: the benefits of compressed hydrogen as a vehicle fuel, and water electrolysis as the preferred technology for generating that hydrogen. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #4 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  42. Ford Motor Company (2001-) To the Ford Motor Company in Dearborn, Michigan. Ford will conduct evaluations and provide information on usability and performance of the fueler. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #5 Ford Motor Co. research vice president Bill Powers explains details of Ford's new hydrogen gas station. http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html http://www.hfcletter.com/letter/september99/SeptemberFeature.html

  43. Ford Th!nk (2002-) In Arizona, where the components are mounted on a single trailer and packaged to enable the system to be easily transported. This station can produce 1 kg of hydrogen an hour and can meet the daily fueling needs of a small fleet of vehicles. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #6 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  44. California Fuel Cell Partnership Station (2002-) This station provides high-purity hydrogen fuel to demonstration fuel cell vehicles of the California Fuel Cell Partnership (CaFCP), and is located at the Richmond Operating Division of AC Transit, also an associate member of the CaFCP. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #7 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  45. Hydrogen Energy Station (2003-) In Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, the fueler is composed of an indoor hydrogen generator, compression system, storage system, and hydrogen-powered internal combustion engine gen-set; as well as an external vehicle fueling dispenser. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #8 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  46. City of Chula Vista (2003-) To the City of Chula Vista, CA, in cooperation with SunLine Transit Agency, a fast-fill, portable hydrogen fueling station enabling the City of Chula Vista to test and demonstrate fuel cell busses and other hydrogen vehicles. The fueler produces over 3 kg of hydrogen per hour and can fuel up to 3 buses a day. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #9 http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  47. Stuart Energy Refueling Facilities #10 For 2003, Stuart Energy is planning hydrogen fuelling stations in Barcelona, Amsterdam, Hong Kong, Malmo and Stockholm Sweden. http://www.stuartenergy.com/main_trans.html

  48. Problem #2(C): General Investment • General Investment in the hydrogen fuel cell bus infrastructure continues to grow.

  49. Problem #2(C): General Investment • General investment in the hydrogen fuel cell bus infrastructure tends to follow a 3-step model covering a period of at least 20 years. http://www.rio02.de/proceedings/ppt/217_Schettino.pdf

  50. A few of the biggest general investors migrating toward the hydrogen economy: Ford, Chrysler, Westinghouse, DuPont, General Motors, Sandia National Labs, Toyota, Texaco, Exxon, Daimler-Benz, Renault, Honda, Siemens, Nissan, Volkswagen, Jet Propulsion Lab, Los Alamos National Laboratory, BMW, PSA Peugeot Citroën, AlliedSignal, Mazda, Volvo . . . Problem #2(C): General Investment http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.10/hydrogen.html?pg=7&topic

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