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Energy Efficiency, Cool Communities, and Demand Response in California

This document discusses various initiatives and programs in California aimed at promoting energy efficiency, creating cool communities, and implementing demand response strategies. It also highlights the benefits of these efforts in terms of peak power demand reduction and cost savings.

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Energy Efficiency, Cool Communities, and Demand Response in California

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  1. Energy Efficiency, Cool Communities, and Demand Response in CaliforniaPrepared for Haagen-Smit 2002 Conference April 9-12 Arthur H. Rosenfeld, Commissioner California Energy Commission (916) 654-4930 ARosenfe@Energy.State.CA.US

  2. California Peak Power Demand:Planned in 1974, and Actual to 1990

  3. Electricity Use of Refrigerators and Freezers in the US compared to Generation from Nuclear, Hydro, Renewables and ANWR

  4. Split of 84,000 Gwh from Renewables in the US in 2000

  5. Current California Initiatives and Programs • One time appropriation of ~ $500 Million • CEC • White roofs: cost nothing beyond normal replacement • CEC offers 20 c/sq.ft. incentive ($20 million) • Reduces air conditioning load by 20 to 30% • Demand response: ~$100/kW avoided ($20 million) • Mainly raising thermostat by 4oF and dimming of lights • Innovative Efficiency ($40 million) • LED traffic lights; loans; very cost effective ($40 million) • Agriculture (pump efficiency), Water (moving off peak) ($40 million) • CPUC • 1-time expansion of Public Goods Charge programs ($200 million)

  6. On-Going Public Goods Charge Programs • Note: California electricity costs about $25 billion per year • PGC adds only 2-3% to the price of a kWh • CPUC “Market Transformation” (Rebates) and Resource Acquistion • $250 million delivered through utilities • CEC Renewables, $180 million/year, mainly wind • CEC R&D, $60 million/year • CPUC Low income Assistance, $180 million/year

  7. Standards: Title 20 Appliance, Title 24 New Building Energy Performance, and (New) “Load Management” Standards. • Emergency 2001 standards -- save 200 MW each year • 1,000 MW before the 2005 regular revision would have taken effect • Big innovation -- Air duct losses reduced from 30% to 6% with Third Party inspection • Building standards either prescriptive (seldom) or based on performance calculations (90% of cases) • Saves money and “credits” emerging technologies like cool, colored roofs • For 2003-05 standards, economics will be re-calculated assuming real-time electric prices (higher in hot weather) - so-called “Time Dependent Valuation” • New: Out-door lighting. • New buildings will have real-time meters, controllable thermostats, and information (like power-line carrier) to curtail pool pumps, dryers, commercial lighting, etc. Note: the CEC has explicit “load-management” powers.

  8. Time Dependent Energy Value With TDV value a kW saved during a high-cost peak hour is valued more highly than a kW saved during an off-peak hour Flat Energy Value With flat energy value a kW saved is valued the same for every hour of the day How TDV Works (electricity) Energy value Friday Monday

  9. Illuminating Space vs. the Street

  10. Carbon Intensities for California and Selected Countries - 1995

  11. Heat Island Reduction: An Effective Air Pollution Control Strategy Paying for Itself in Energy Cost Savings Hashem Akbari Heat Island Group Leader Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Tel: 510-486-4287, E_mail: h_akbari@lbl.gov Web: eetd.lbl.gov/heatisland February 5, 2001; Toronto, Canada

  12. Temperature Rise of Various Materials in Sunlight(source: LBL) oF 50 40 30 20 10 0 90 Galvanized Steel 72 Black Paint IR-Refl. Black White Cement Coat. 54 Temperature Rise (°C) Green Asphalt Shingle Al Roof Coat. Red Clay Tile 36 White Asphalt Shingle White Paint Lt. Red Paint Lt. Green Paint Optical White 18 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Solar Absorptance

  13. Temperature Trends in Downtown Los Angeles

  14. Temperature Effect on Rutting 20 16 12 8 4 0 50°C (122°F) failure criterion Rut Depth (mm) 40°C (104°F) 507RF: 50°C 512RF: 40°C 120 80 40 160 0 Repetitions (thousands) Source: Dr. John Harvey, UC B Civil Engineering, Inst. Transpo. Studies

  15. Demand Response to Time-Dependent Prices The Energy Commission plans to implement its load management powers Real Time Meters Programmable Thermostats Dimmable Lighting Electricity Rates

  16. CAISO Daily Peak Loads January 2000 - December 2001

  17. Natural Gas Spot Market Prices; $1/MMBtu~1cent/kWh Source: Natural Gas Intelligence 60.00 2000 2001 50.00 40.00 $/MMBtu 30.00 20.00 10.00 - 8/10/00 9/10/00 1/10/01 2/10/01 3/10/01 4/10/01 5/10/01 6/10/01 7/10/01 8/10/01 10/10/00 11/10/00 12/10/00 Northern California Southern California Henry Hub

  18. Top Ten Peak Energy Uses/Sectors (assumes a 56,000 MW peak)

  19. 4o F Thermostat Rise for a 10-ton Rooftop A/C 4-hour average saves one-third of energy use

  20. Average Hourly Data -- All AC units From: Ed Hamzawi, SMUD, Oct. 20, 2000

  21. 5- Minute Data (Lights) 59th. St. Building - 5 Minute Interval Loads Second Floor Lights Curtailment = 30% Reduction In Lighting Level (1 to 5 PM) 3.0 2.5 2.0 Load (kW) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 1:00 1:15 1:30 1:45 2:00 2:15 2:30 2:45 3:00 3:15 3:30 3:45 4:00 4:15 4:30 4:45 5:00 5:15 5:30 5:45 6:00 11:00 11:15 11:30 11:45 12:00 12:15 12:30 12:45 Time Curtailment Day kW Baseline Day kW From: Ed Hamzawi, SMUD, Oct. 20, 2000

  22. Time-of-Use (TOU) vs. Real-Time (RTP) Prices • TOU is typically 3 time blocks published in advance for entire season • Peak, Shoulder, Off-Peak • Ignores weather or equipment failures • RTP is hourly real-time marginal cost of a kWh • Reflects hot weather, scarcity, and equipment failure • Customer needs to see this price to respond efficiently • a day ahead forecast of RTP offers additional time for response • CEC is installing 25,000 meters; all customers > 200 kW; 1/4 of state peak

  23. Georgia Power’s Voluntary 2-part RTP Program • Customer bill = Part 1 + Part 2 • Part 1 based on historical load profile • Part 2 based on price responsive departures from load profile • Historical load profile is from previous year • Called Customer Baseline Load (CBL) • a list of hourly loads for entire year • Part 1 is the CBL x TOU tariff • What you expect to pay if you don’t respond to real-time price • Part 2 is the hourly departures from CBL • Enables customer to buy additional kWh when prices are low • And sell back kWh when prices are high

  24. Cal ISO Real-Time Price and Volume compared to Time-of-Use Rate for Commercial Customer of PG&E but FERC wholesale mitigation ends on Sept. 30, 2002

  25. Example TOU tariff with dynamic super-peak price. Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

  26. Gulf Power Residential Service Variable Pricing (RSVP) Tariff • Monthly rates • Standard Residential Customer charge: $8.07 • RSVP Extra Program Participation Charge: $4.53 • Energy Charges: • Low Cost Hours (early morning/late night) -- 3.0 cents/kwh • Medium Cost Hours (late morning/evening) -- 4.1 cents/kwh • High Cost (summer afternoons/winter mornings) -- 8.9 cents/kwh • Critical Cost (determined by Gulf Power) -- 28.6 cents/kwh • Equipment requirements include: • wiring conducive to power line carrier • central HVAC and other devices (electric water heater, pool pumps) compatible with energy management system • meter configuration compatible with energy management equipment

  27. Proposed system for an advanced demand response program in the residential and small commercial/industrial sectors. Signal Thermostat Load Data Meter

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