Biology Journal 3/25/2014

1. Biology Journal 3/25/2014 Hair cells are the receptors inside of the cochlea that are stimulated by vibrations in the liquid in the cochlea. A person may go deaf by having these cells damaged. A cochlear implant uses a speaker on the side of the head and stimulates the hair cell receptors electronically, causing a user to hear sound. Which parts in the hearing process are bypassed with a cochlear implant?

3. What neurons go in the blanks?

4. What neurons go in the blanks?

5. Compare rods and cones in a Venn diagram.

7. Name these parts of the eye. For extra credit, state what they do! 11 13 12 10 9 1 8 7 2 3 6 4 5

8. 11. Eyelid protection, cleaning 10. Choroid layer of light-absorbing pigment 13. Conjunctiva protective outer layer of pupil, secretes mucus 12. Sclera protective outer layer 9. Retina mostly rod cells 8. Fovea area of concentrated cone cells 1. Pupil opening that lets light in 7. Blind Spot no receptor cells 2. Aqueous Humor transparent jelly 3. Lens adjusts to focus light on retina 4. Iris muscles that control size of pupil; gives “eye color” 6. Optic Nerve carries nerve impulses to brain 5. Vitreous humor transparent liquid

9. Name these parts of the retina! 1 2 3 4

10. Cone cell Rod cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell

11. Cone cell Rod cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell 1. When light hits the retina, list the order in which it passes through each of these cells. 2. When an action potential happens, list the order in which it goes through each of these cells.

12. Cone cell Rod cell Bipolar cell Ganglion cell ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods/cones 2. rods/cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

13. Where is vision processed in the brain? What is contralateral processing? Vision is processed in the back of the brain, in an area called the primary visual cortex. The left sides of both eyes are processed on the right side of the brain. The right sides of both eyes are processed on the left side of the brain.

14. Name these parts of the ear. For extra credit, state what they do! 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8

15. 8. Pinna collects sound waves 1. Eardrum vibrated by air pressure changers due to sound waves 3. Semicircular Canals balance (is not involved in hearing) 2. Middle Ear Bones Stimulated by ear drum, knock against each other to magnify sound 4. Auditory Nerve transmits nerve signals to brain 5. Cochlea tiny hairs respond to individual wavelengths of sound, generating action potential 7. Round Window dissipates vibrations (lessens and lessens “old” sounds) 6.Oval Window transmits vibrations from middle ear bones to inner ear

16. Complete the table comparing the sense of hearing to the sense of sight!

17. Complete the table comparing the sense of hearing to the sense of sight!

18. Many parts of the ear vibrate in order to create the sense that we call sound. State, in order, which parts vibrate. Then, what converts the vibrations into action potentials?

19. The sequence of vibrating parts is: Eardrum Middle ear bones Liquid inside of cochlea Hair cells inside of cochlea When the hair cells vibrate, they turn the signal into an action potential!

20. What do the oval and round windows do? The last bone of the middle ear bones presses against the oval window on the cochlea, causing vibrations. The round window dampens and gets rid of “old” sounds.

21. Edge enhancement makes edges that you see seem darker. How does it work? Photoreceptors (rods and cones) repress nearby photoreceptors of from the same wavelength. So, different wavelengths (edges) are not repressed; they’re made artificially sharper!