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Building Better Batteries

Building Better Batteries. Brian Kim 5/16/13. Overview. Introduction What are batteries? Objective? Materials and Method Results and Discussion Data and Evidence of the Data Conclusion Future of batteries Literature Cited. Introduction. What are batteries?

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Building Better Batteries

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  1. Building Better Batteries Brian Kim 5/16/13

  2. Overview • Introduction • What are batteries? • Objective? • Materials and Method • Results and Discussion • Data and Evidence of the Data • Conclusion • Future of batteries • Literature Cited

  3. Introduction • What are batteries? • All batteries are composed of two electrodes connected by an ionically conductive material called an electrolyte. • The use of batteries? • Batteries are now used everywhere in today’s world which goes in vehicles, handheld mobile devices, and many more applications in the world.

  4. Introduction • Objective? • How can scientists achieve the performance that each application demands? • How will batteries be able to power the many other portable devices that will no doubt be developed in the coming years? • How can batteries become a sustainable technology for the future?

  5. Materials • Materials • Used different battery types: • Ni-MH • Lead-acid • Lithium ion • Zinc-air • Lithium organic • Lithium air • Magnesium Sulfur • AI-CFx • Proton battery

  6. Methods • 3 ways the stored energy of a battery can be maximized • 1. By having a large chemical potential difference between the two electrodes • 2. By making the mass (or volume) of the reactants per exchanged electron as small as possible • 3. By ensuring that the electrolyte is not consumed in the chemistry of the battery.

  7. Results • Ni-MH(established): Low voltage, moderate energy density, high power density. • Applications: Portable, a large scale • Lead-acid(established): Poor energy density, moderate power rate, low cost • Applications: large-scale, start up power, stationary • Lithium ion(established): High energy density, power rate, cycle life, costly • Applications: portable, possibly large-scale • Zinc-air(established): Medium energy density, high power density • Applications: large-scale • Lithium-organic(future): High capacity and energy density but limited power rate. Technology amenable to a low cost • Applications: medium- and large-scale, with the exception of power tools • Lithium-air(future): High energy density but poor energy efficiency and rate capability. Technology amenable to a low cost. • Applications: large-scale, preferably stationary • Magnesium-sulfur(future): Predicted, high energy density, power density unknown, cycle life unknown. • AI-CFx(future): Predicted, moderate energy density, power density unknown. • Proton battery(future): Predicted, all organic, low voltage, moderate energy density, power density unknown.

  8. Results: Environmental Impacts • Ni-MH: Nickel not green(difficult extraction/unsustainable), toxic. Not rare but limited recyclable • Lead-acid: High-temperature cyclability limited. Lead is toxic but recycling is efficient to 95% • Lithium-ion: Depletable elements(cobalt) in most applications; replacements manganese and iron are green (abundant and sustainable). Lithium chemistry relatively green (abundant but the chemistry needs to be improved) Recycling feasible but at an extra energy cost • Zinc-air: Mostly primary or mechanically rechargeable.Zinc smelting not green, especially if primary, easily recyclable • Lithium-organic: Rechargeable. Excellent carbon footprint. Renewable electrodes. Easy recycling. • Lithium-air: Rechargeability to be proven. Excellent carbon footprint. Renewable electrodes. Easy recycling. • Magnesium-sulfur: Magnesium and sulfur are green. Recyclable. Small carbon footprint • AI-CFx: Aluminium and flourine are green but industries are not. Recyclable. • Proton battery: Green, biodegradeable

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  10. Chart

  11. Conclusion • The future of batteries. • The next generation of lithium-ion batteries fully based on nanomaterials will soon be here, followed by lithium-air batteries and others using organic materials.

  12. Literature Cited • http://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/kjemi/MENA5020/h08/undervisningsmateriale/BATTERIES.pdf

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