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Fig. 21-2, p. 855

Fig. 21-2, p. 855. Fig. 21-3, p. 856. p. 858. Fig. 21-6, p. 859. p. 867. p. 866. Aromatic Hydrocarbon: A cyclic, planar, fully conjugated hydrocarbon with 4 n +2 pi electrons (2, 6, 10, 14, 18, etc ).

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Fig. 21-2, p. 855

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  1. Fig. 21-2, p. 855

  2. Fig. 21-3, p. 856

  3. p. 858

  4. Fig. 21-6, p. 859

  5. p. 867

  6. p. 866

  7. Aromatic Hydrocarbon: A cyclic, planar, fully conjugated hydrocarbon with 4n+2 pi electrons (2, 6, 10, 14, 18, etc). • An aromatic hydrocarbon is especially stable relative to an open-chain fully conjugated hydrocarbon of the same number of carbon atoms. • Nonaromatic Hydrocarbon: A cyclic, non-planar, fully conjugated hydrocarbon with 4n+2 pi electrons. • A nonaromatic hydrocarbon has similar stability to its open-chain fully conjugated hydrocarbon of the same number of carbon atoms. • Antiaromatic hydrocarbon:A monocyclic, planar, fully conjugated hydrocarbon with 4n pi electrons (4, 8, 12, 16, 20...). • An antiaromatic hydrocarbon is especially unstable relative to an open-chain fully conjugated hydrocarbon of the same number of carbon atoms.

  8. p. 863

  9. p. 858

  10. p. 864

  11. Fig. 21-10, p. 864

  12. Fig. 21-11, p. 864

  13. p. 864

  14. Acidity of Phenols • Alkyl and halogen substituents effect acidities by inductive effects: • Alkyl groups are electron-releasing. • Halogens are electron-withdrawing.

  15. Acidity of Phenols • Alkyl substituents are electron-releasing • Destabilizes the structure because it puts additional negative charge on the para-position. p. 873

  16. Acidity of Phenols • Nitro groups increase the acidity of phenols by both an electron-withdrawing inductive effect and a resonance effect.

  17. p. 874

  18. Fig. 21-14, p. 876

  19. Oxidation to Quinones • Because of the presence of the electron-donating –OH group, phenols are susceptible to oxidation by a variety of strong oxidizing agents.

  20. Oxidation to Quinones

  21. Quinones • Perhaps the most important chemical property of quinones is that they are readily reduced to hydroquinones.

  22. Coenzyme Q • Coenzyme Q is a carrier of electrons in the respiratory chain.

  23. p. 913

  24. Table 22-1, p. 917

  25. Table 22-2, p. 918

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