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Introduction to Metadata for Digital Asset Management

Introduction to Metadata for Digital Asset Management. Howard Besser UCLA School of Education & Information http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard. Metadata: A fancy word for something familiar. Cataloging Indexing Description …

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Introduction to Metadata for Digital Asset Management

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  1. Introduction to Metadatafor Digital Asset Management Howard Besser UCLA School of Education & Information http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard

  2. Metadata: A fancy word for something familiar • Cataloging • Indexing • Description • … • But also new elements of technical description (file format, compression schemes, file names, …)

  3. Metadata for Digital Asset Management- • Importance of Metadata Standards • Types and Uses of Metadata • Discovery Metadata: The Dublin Core • Administrative and Structural Metadata: The Making of America II Project • Longevity Metadata • Identification/Provenance • The 4/99 NISO/DLF Image Metadata Workshop • Various other Metadata

  4. What is Metadata • Structured data describing other data used to find or help manage information resources • Aids in interoperability • Titles, dates, captions, cataloging and indexing data, file headers, rights info, provenance, code books, transaction logs, ... • One person’s metadata is another’s data

  5. Sorting through the Standards Morass • Data Structures (DC, CDWA, MARC, VRA Core, TEI, EAD, MESL data dict) • Data Interchange (Z39.50) • Data Values/vocabularies (LCSH, AAT, ULAN, TGN) • Data Content/syntax (AACR2)

  6. Semantics/Syntax/Structure • Semantics • meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs (DC) • Syntax • a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing • facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF) • Structure • a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)

  7. What is MetadataTypes & Uses • lots of different ways of dividing the clusters

  8. Uses of Metadata • Discovery & Retrieval • Identification/Provenance • Rights Management • Viewing • Integrity • Longevity • Content rating

  9. Containers and Packages of MetadataWarwick, not MARC • modular • overlapping • extensible • community-based • designed for a networked world to aid commonality btwn communities while still providing full functionality within each community

  10. Some different schemes where Metdata is kept • embedded within the object (HTML tags) • in a separate related DB maintained by same organization (OPAC, MOA II) • in a separate DB maintained by a separate organization (Books in Print, ratings systems) • derived on-the-fly from a different scheme (MARC-to-DC)

  11. Collaborative Metadata Projects • Dublin Core • NSF/ERCIM Digital Collaboratory • OCLC CORC Project- • Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core • Encoded Archival Description (EAD) • Computerized Interchange of Museum Information (CIMI)- • Records Export for Art and Cultural Heritage (REACH)

  12. CORC--Cooperative Online Resource Catalog • both bib records & webliographies (pathfiinders) • supports both AACR2/MARC and DC • began 1/99 • participants • Academic libraries • OCLC networks, special libraries, public libraries, state & national libraries, consortia

  13. Dublin Core (3/95) • improve resource discovery • anticipate precision problems of Web Crawler-based searching tools • existing metadata could be “dumbed down” • elements should be simple to understand and use, so that any individual should be able to assign terms him/herself • software might eventually automatically generate very base-level metadata

  14. Title Creator Subject Description Publisher Contributors Date Type Format Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights Dublin Core

  15. Dublin Core • every element is both optional and repeatable • elements are cross-disciplinary • elements are extensible by organized communities • can employ a syntax such as html’s <META> tagset for use by Spiders and Harvesters • May 2000 DLF Metadata Harvesting Project

  16. DC Qualifiers • allows one community to express important nuances and qualifications, while still making the basic importance available to communities with simple needs • our community can reflect alternate title, transliterated title, and main title, yet they will all be found under a simple Web search under “title”

  17. Discovery Metadata:Recent History • Dublin Core (3/95) • Warwick Framework (4/96) • Image Metadata Workshop (9/96) • Canberra, Helsinki, ... DC (98) • Digital Library Collaboratory (97-) • DC-8, Frankfurt 10/99

  18. Dublin Core--further work • Warwick Framework • metadata packages for extensible functions • layed groundwork for RDF • Canberra Qualifiers • refining the semantics of the element set to provide more precise info • SUBELEMENT, SCHEME, LANG • Granularity • no hierarchical relationships w/i a given DC record; only one record per discrete object (collection or item-level), and relationship field plus qualifier links them

  19. The Research Process and Functional Categories of Metadata • Discovery • Retrieval • Collation • Analysis • Re-presentation

  20. Making of America II- • Background of the DLF Project • Administrative Metadata • Structural Metadata

  21. MOA2 Goal is Interpoerability • Book example

  22. DLF Metadata for Interoperability Testbed:the MOA II Project • R & D • Distributed Repositories • Transportation, 1869-1900 • Testbed Project • Best Practices • Structural and administrative metadata

  23. Previous Projects/Background • Library Standards Background • UC Berkeley Background • Finding Aids • EAD • SGML • EAD “Digital Archives”

  24. MOA II Classes of Objects • Continuous Tone Photos • Photo Albums • Diaries, journals, letterpress books • Ledgers • Correspondence

  25. MOA II Metadata • Administrative Metadata • for enhancing resource management • Structural Metadata • for reflecting internal hierarchies and relationships btwn parts • Raw/Seared/Cooked

  26. Administrative Metadatato uniquely identify a digital resource and manage it over time • Information about where the various pieces/versions of the object reside • Information to view the digital object • Information about the scanning process

  27. Structural Metadata:that which is relevant to presentation of the digital object to the user • metadata defining the "object”: a book, a diary, a photo album • metadata defining the “sub-objects”: pages (physical) or chapters and subheads (intellectual)

  28. SGML, XML, HTML • TEI for structured humanities text • EAD for Finding Aids

  29. Other Types of Metadata- • Longevity • Identification/Provenance • Rights Management

  30. NISO/DLF Image Metadata WorkshopPossible Goals • Metadata fields • Rules for Field Contents (authority control) • Core set of necessary fields • Syntax for expressing fields and contents (headers)

  31. Image MetadataFocus on Metadata that may prove helpful for • management • use • preservation • ...

  32. Image MetadataBreak-out Groups: Work Done • Characteristics and Features of Images • Image Production and Reformatting Features • Image Identification and Integrity

  33. Other Metadata • Description of depiction/surrogate (What VRA calls its "Surrogate Categories") • Description of original object • Rights and Reproduction Information • Location Information

  34. Data Structures:The VRA Core • 28 elements specifically for visual resource collections • Work Description Categories- • Visual Document Description Categories- • http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html

  35. Work type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Role Date Repository name Repository place Repository number Current site Original site Style/period/group/movement Nationality/culture Subject Related work Relationship type Notes VRA Core:Work Description Categories

  36. VRA Core:Visual Document Description Categories • Visual document type • Visual document format • Visual document measurements • Visual document date • Visual document owner • Visual document owner number • Visual document view description • Visual document subject • Visual document source

  37. Data Value Metadata(vocabularies) • LCSH • TGM • AAT • ULAN • TGN • VRA Core

  38. LCSH • very general

  39. Thesaurus for Graphic Materials • designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images • for cataloging and retrieval • good for general audiences and broad approaches to the material • TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and Physical Characteristic Terms • http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html

  40. AAT • 120,000 terms • for describing objects, textual materials, images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present • large and complex • http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/

  41. ULAN • name authority • http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/

  42. Thesaurus of Geographic Names • over 1 million records • hierarchical and global • throughout history • most records include coordinates and descriptive notes

  43. Metadata for Digital Commerce • DOI • <indecs>-

  44. <Indecs> • formal structure for describing and uniquely identifying intellectual property itself, the people and businesses involved in its trading, and the agreements which they make about it (primarily for publishing, music, and visual arts) • will develop high-level specifications for the services that will be required to implement a global IP trading system based on this <indecs> generic data model • focus is on encoding rights at a high level, not on resource discovery • likely to involve metadata schma registration and directory to allow interoperation of personal identifiers for rightsholders and users • supported by EEC DG-13 • First meeting July 1999 • http://www.indecs.org/

  45. Metadata Mapping- • Crosswalks • Resource Description Framework (RDF)

  46. Crosswalks • mapping btwn differing metadata structures • eliminate the need for monolithic, universally adopted standards • focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity • RDF-based metadata registries

  47. Crosswalk Example

  48. Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99) • W3C Metadata activity • designed to move the Web beyond simple links to semantically-rich relationships btwn resources • metadata application using XML as a common syntax for exchange and processing • flexible architecture for managing diverse application-specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines • associates resources, property types, and corresponding values • http://www.w3.org/RDF/

  49. RDF • Resources (character strings, names, digital objects) • Property (“is the author of”) • Value • resources+properties=relationships • many different relationships can be reflected

  50. XML-encoded RDF • <?xml:namespace ns=http://www.w3.org/RDF/RDF prefix="RDF" ?> • <?xml:namespace ns=http://purl.oclc.org/DC/ prefix="DC" ?> • <RDF:RDF> • <DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator> • </RDF:Description> • </RDF:RDF>

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