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Achievements of the Stone Age

Chapter 1: Section 1. Achievements of the Stone Age Invention of tools/weapons – Using bones , sticks & rocks …. Made hunting safer and easier Mastery of fire – using it, keeping it, transporting it, cooking with it

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Achievements of the Stone Age

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  1. Chapter 1: Section 1 • Achievements of the Stone Age • Invention of tools/weapons – Using bones, sticks & rocks …. Made hunting safer and easier • Mastery of fire – using it, keeping it, transporting it, cooking with it • Development of language – communicating using body language and grunts • Making pottery • Growing crops • Raising animals Old Stone Age New Stone Age

  2. Chapter 1: Section 2 • Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution • The gradual shift from hunting /gathering /nomadic societies of 50-70 people to food producing societies in permanent settlements • Increased food production supported larger populations • Permanent settlements encouraged other advances such as domesticating and raising animals

  3. Chapter 1: Section 3 One of the earliest civilizations in the world was Sumer (Sumeria) which was located in Mesopotamia in modern day Iraq. Ur was its most impressive city, located in on banks of Euphrates River.

  4. 5 Characteristics of a • Civilization

  5. Advanced Cities • Centers for trading and exchanging of ideas • Organized buildings for specific purposes • The temple, or ziggurat, was the center of city life

  6. 2. Specialized workers • potters • Teachers • metal workers • Farmers • weavers • Merchants • soldiers • Priests • government officials • Scribes

  7. complex institutions • Formal governments with officials and laws • Organized religion with strong leaders who had political power • Education and training system

  8. record keeping • business transactions • historical events • customs & traditions • populations

  9. 5. advanced technology • Worked with bronze(armor) • Wheel • Sail • plow

  10. Chapter 2: Section 1 • The Fertile Crescent • An arc shaped piece of land between the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf (See map on page 30) • It included the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Mesopotamia is located between the two rivers • Sumer was located in the Persian Gulf end – around 3300 B.C. • Few natural barriers to protect it from invaders

  11. Most early civilizations began near or on rivers or other bodies of water City-states – a city and its surrounding countryside thatacted like independent nations

  12. Hammurabi’s Code • A Babylonian ruler in Mesopotamia – 1792-1750 B.C. • Created the first set of uniform laws known to exist • To help unite the different groups of people, he collected laws from the entire empire and consolidated them into one standard code of laws • Carved them into stone and placed all over his kingdom • Contained 282 specific laws that dealt with every aspect of life

  13. Chapter 2: Section 2 • The Nile River flows for over 4100 miles, making it the longest river in the world – p 36 • The deserts provided protection from invaders which allowed the civilization to flourish • By 3200 B.C. Egypt had developed two kingdoms based on the geography of the Nile…Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt. • Some believed either the Scorpion King or Narmer united the two kingdoms into one around 3000 B.C.

  14. Pharaohs were considered to be “god-kings” • Pyramids were giant tombs to help pharaohs transition from earth to the afterlife using mummification • They included things they would need in the afterlife (treasures, servants, miniature soldiers, chariots, etc…) • The greatest of these (3) along with the Sphinx are found in Giza and were built during the Old Kingdom (2660-2180) . These were built in alignment with Orion’s Belt .

  15. The Egyptians worshipped more than 2000 gods ( Re, Osiris, Anubis, Isis ) Hieroglyphics – picture writing used by the Egyptians. They were not highly understood until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone which included a message in three languages (Greek)

  16. Egyptian Timeline Two major kingdoms – 3200 B.C. United into one kingdom – 3000 B.C. Old Kingdom – 2660-2180 B.C. Middle kingdom – 2040-1640 B.C. Hyksos rule Egypt – 1630-1523 B.C.

  17. Chapter 3: Section 1 • The Hittites • Empire lasted from 1650 – 1190 B.C. • Signed peace treaty with Egypt over control of Northern Syria • The first to use iron in their weapons • Their war chariot was revolutionary

  18. Chapter 3: Section 3 • The Phoenicians • Most powerful traders in the Mediterranean by 1100 B.C. • Phoenicia was in modern-day Lebanon • Known for shipbuilding and seafaring • First Mediterraneans to travel beyond the Strait of Gibralter • built trading colonies along the northern coast of Africa and other areas. Founded Carthage in about 814 B.C. These were about 30 miles apart … about the distance a Phoenician ship could sail in a day. • Most significant contribution was their system of writing. Each symbol represented a particular sound

  19. Chapter 3: Section 4 • The Story of the Hebrew People • God had chosen Abraham to be the father of the Hebrew people. • Around 1800 B.C., he moved his family to Canaan (part of Palestine) • This “promised land” lies between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. • Their early history is found in the Torah, the first five books of the Hebrew and Christian Bible. • God also known as Yahweh • Around 1650 B.C., the descendants of Abraham moved to Egypt. • The Hebrews fled Egypt—perhaps between 1300 and 1200 B.C. Jews call this event “the Exodus, • Moses rose up to lead them out of Egypt • After the death of Moses, they returned to Canaan, where Abraham had lived

  20. When the Hebrews arrived in Canaan, they were loosely organized into twelve tribes. • Eventually, the only large tribe left of the 12 tribes was the tribe of Judah. • As a result, Hebrews came to be called Jews, and their religion, Judaism. • From about 1020 to 922 B.C., the Hebrews united under three able kings: Saul, David, and Solomon. • The new kingdom was called Israel. For 100 years, Israel enjoyed its greatest period of power and independence. • Jerusalem eventually became its capital • By 922 B.C., the kingdom had divided in two. Israel was in the north and Judah was in the south

  21. In 738 B.C., both Israel and Judah began paying tribute to Assyria. • By 722, the whole northern kingdom had fallen to the Assyrians. • Jerusalem / Judah fell to the Babylonians (king Nebuchadnezzar) in 586 B.C. • In 539 B.C., the Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon. The next year, Cyrus allowed some 40,000 exiles to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the temple. • Many, however, stayed in Babylonia. • The Persians, Greeks, and the Romans eventually controlled this region and its Jewish inhabitants.

  22. Chapter 4: Section 1 • During the Middle Kingdom (about 2080–1640 B.C.), the Egyptians began to trade with Mesopotamia • Invaders, called Hyksos, ruled Egypt from about 1640 to 1570 B.C. • It’s during the Hyksos rule, that most historians believe the Hebrews settled in Egypt • The Hyksos are eventually driven out of Egypt, but the Hebrews remained in Egypt and were enslaved. They would not leave Egypt until sometime between 1500 and 1200 B.C. • the New Kingdom lasted from about 1570 to 1075 B.C. • Many of these Pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. • Invasions eventually caused the fall of the New Kingdom

  23. Chapter 4: Section 2 • Beginning around 850 B.C., Assyria acquired a large empire. Their capital was at Nineveh • They were originally from the northern part of Mesopotamia. • Their society that glorified military strength. • Between 850 and 650 B.C., the kings of Assyria defeated Syria, Palestine, and Babylonia • Their peak was around 650 B.C. • In 612 B.C., a combined army of Medes, Chaldeans, and others burned and leveled Nineveh. • After defeating the Assyrians, the Chaldeans made Babylon their capital. • Around 600 B.C., a Chaldean king named Nebuchadnezzar restored the city. • Perhaps the most impressive part of the restoration was the famous hanging gardens of Babylon, which are considered to be one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

  24. Chapter 4 section 3 • Ancient Persia included what today is Iran. • In 550 B.C. Cyrus, Persia’s king, began to conquer one group after another • Cyrus also allowed the Jews, who had been driven from their homeland by the Babylonians, to return to Jerusalem in 538 B.C. The Jews considered Cyrus one of God’s anointed ones • Cyrus died in 530 B.C. • Darius seized the Persian throne around 522 B.C • Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces. These provinces were roughly similar to the homelands of the different groups of people who lived within the Persian Empire. Under Persian rule, the people of each province still practiced their own religion. They also spoke their own language and followed many of their own laws • An extensive network of roads and the wide use of standardized coins helped promote trade and hold together the empire.

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