Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial

1. Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial Ontological Engineering Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun@fi.upm.es) Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es) Boris Villazón (bvilla@delicias.dia.fi.upm.es) Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0

2. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

3. I want to build my ontology • Which are the key process and activities in ontology development? • Which activities do I need in my development? • When should I carry out each activity? • Where is the relationship of one activity with the others? • How do I collect the requirements of my ontology? • Where can I find ontologies with the goal of reusing them? • How can I reuse exiting knowledge resources? • ...

4. Limitations of current methodologies • Methontology, On-To-Knowledge are for building ontologies from scratch • They lack guidelines for: • building ontologies by reusing and reengineering existing knowledge aware resources • for contextualizing an existing ontology and plugging it in with existing ontologies that might be in continuous evolution • Building ontologies in a collaborative way • software developers that need to include ontologies into their IT developments

5. Dynamic Contextualized Collaboration New Ontology Development Paradigm Whose emphasis is on • the reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware resources • the collaborative and argumentative ontology development • the building of ontology networks, as opposed to custom-building new ontologies from scratch.

6. Ontology Networks The Semantic Web of the future will be characterized by using a very large number of ontologies embedded in ontology networks built by distributed teams in a collaborative way.

7. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the Ontology Model

8. Localizing Ontologies Ontology Reuse Thesauri Reuse Merging Ontologies Ontology Design Patterns Classical Too many activities… ….. Ontological Resource Reengineering WP1 Ontology learning Restructuring Ontologies

9. Non Ontological Resource Reuse Classical Building Ontologies: Use Case In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the pharmaceutical domain, but we want to use several pharmaceutical standards in XML and classification schemes in our own format. Non Ontological Resource Reengineering

10. Localizing Ontological Resources Ontological Resource Reuse Classical Building Ontologies: Use Case In our team, we want to build an OWL ontology in the fishery domain. We want to base on our ontologies about species and commodities, and we want to have the ontology in several natural languages. Ontological Resource Reengineering

11. Knowledge Resources Ontological Resources O. Design Patterns 4 3 O. Repositories and Registries 5 6 Flogic RDF(S) OWL Ontological Resource Reuse O. Aligning O. Merging 5 6 2 Ontology Design Pattern Reuse 4 Non Ontological Resource Reuse 3 6 Non Ontological Resources Ontological Resource Reengineering 2 7 Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons 5 Non Ontological Resource Reengineering 4 6 Classification Schemas Taxonomies Thesauri Alignments 2 RDF(S) 1 Flogic O. Specification O. Formalization O. Implementation O. Conceptualization OWL 8 Ontology Restructuring (Pruning, Extension, Specialization, Modularization) 9 O. Localization 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, 9 Ontology Support Activities: Knowledge Acquisition (Elicitation); Documentation; Configuration Management; Evaluation (V&V); Assessment NeOn Scenarios

12. Scenarios • Building ontology networks from scratch without reusing existing resources. • Building ontology networks by reusing and reengineering non ontological resources. • Building ontology networks by reusing ontologies or ontology modules. • Building ontology networks by reusing and reengineering ontologies or ontology modules. • Building ontology networks by reusing and merging ontology or ontology modules. • Building ontology networks by reusing, merging and reengineering ontologies or ontology modules. • Building ontology networks by reusing ontology design patterns. • Building ontology networks by restructuring ontologies or ontology modules. • Building ontology networks by localizing ontologies or ontology modules.

13. NeOn Methodology Process and activities covered: • Ontology Specification • Scheduling • Non Ontological Resource Reuse • Non Ontological Resource Reengineering • Reuse General Ontologies • Reuse Domain Ontologies • Reuse Ontology Statements • Reuse Ontology Design Patterns All processes and activities are described with: • A filling card • A workflow • Examples

14. Local Matching algorithm Local Matching algorithm Local Matching algorithm Local Matching algorithm Helping Job Seekers on their way EURES ES (Int) o ES n ES p ES m ES q ES Catalonia ES (Es) l ES r ES European Employment Mediators Marketplace Lombard ES (It) i ES h ES a ES LEGENDA Private ES (Int) Requester ES b ES g ES Responding ES f ES c ES ES not involved Wallonia ES (Be) e ES d ES Job Seeker’s Candidacy Employer Job Vacancy

15. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

16. NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1 (2008) Ontology Requirements Specification

17. Ontology Requirement Specification Document. Template

18. SEEMP Ontology Requirement Specification Document

19. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search and Selection of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

20. Knowledge Resources Ontological Resources O. Design Patterns O. Repositories and Registries Flogic RDF(S) OWL Non Ontological Resources Glossaries Dictionaries Lexicons Classification Schemas Taxonomies Thesauri 2 • Where: • - Internet • - Standardization bodies (ISO,…) • - Intranet of the organization • - Ontology Registries Searching Resources • Use the terminology from the ORSD • Find resources covering the terminology

21. Searchingnon ontological resources • We select the most appropriate standards and taxonomies for: • Occupation Classification ISCO-88 (COM), SOC, ISCO-88, ONET, Eures Taxonomy. • Classification of Economic Activities ISIC Rev. 3.1, NACE Rev. 1.1, NAICS • Apprenticeship classifications ISCED 97, FOET • Currency Classification ISO 4217 • Geography Classification ISO 3166, Eures Taxonomy • Language Classification • ISO 6392, CEF • Driving License Classification • European Legislation • Skill Classification • Eures Taxonomy • Contract Types Classification • LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification • Work Condition Classification • LE FOREM, Eures and BLL Classification Is the terminology included in the Ontology Requirements Specification Document covered by the resources?

22. Selection of Ontologies • Search ontologies • Compare ontologies in the same domain using a set of criteria • Assess if the ontologies cover the set of competency questions • Select the best ontology based on • Coverage of the domain • Expressivity of the Implementation language

23. Searching Ontologies in Watson Ontology Requirement Specification Document

24. The Time Ontology Selection Checking which temporal properties are needed for answering the CQ • When the job seeker completed his/her first degree? • Is the job seeker older than 30 years? • How much time did the job seeker spend completing his/her first degree? • How long is the duration of the contract? • Which job offers were posted in last 24 hours? • ……

25. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

26. Life Cycle Models and Life Cycles • An ontology life cycle modelis the framework (waterfall, evolving prototyping, spiral, etc.), selected by each using organization, on which to map the activities identified in the ontology development process. • The ontology life cycleis the specific sequence of activities that the ontology practitioners carry out for developing an ontology. • There is no a unique life cycle model valid for all the ontology development projects Waterfall

27. NeOn Deliverable D5.3.1 (2007) I-SEMANTICS 2008 How software developers and ontology practitioners select the ontology life cycle model and the particular ontology life cycle for developing his/her ontology?

29. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

30. NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1 (2008) The resource type and its data model influence the reengineering process

31. Types of non ontological resources

32. Reengineering resources EURES Taxonomy (proprietary) ONET ISCO-88 (COM) Oracle DB MS Access • HTML Extend Specialize Integrate Prune Ad hoc wrapper WSML exporter Occupation Ontology

33. Knowledge Resource Reengineering Regions Table (Eures Oracle DB) …. <ISO_3166-1_Entry> <ISO_3166-1_Country_name>SPAIN</ISO_3166-1_Country_name> <ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element>ES</ISO_3166-1_Alpha-2_Code_element> </ISO_3166-1_Entry> … ISO 3166-1 (XML) Excerpt of the Geography Ontology Location Ontology model subClass-Of Country Region has region Spain Cataluña Canarias Ontology instances Galicia Andalucía

34. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the final Ontology Model

35. Ontological Resource Reuse Process NeOn Deliverable D5.4.1 (2008) • Ontological Resource Reuse is defined as the process of using available ontological resources (ontologies, modules, statements) in the solution of different problems. Slide 35

36. Reuse Common Ontologies Reuse Domain Ontologies Reuse ODPs by naive users Detailed descriptions in D5.4.1 Reuse Ontology Statements Watson plug-in

37. Watson NeOn Toolkit plugin • While building an ontology with the Neon toolkit • Find descriptions of existing entities in Web ontologies • Integrate these descriptions into the edited ontology • Thus allowing knowledge reuse at the scale of the Semantic Web • In one simple, integrated, and interactive tool

38. Index • Introduction • Scenarios in Ontology Building • Methodological Guidelines for Ontology Specification • Quick Search of Existing Knowledge Resources • Guidelines for Ontology development project Planning • Methodological Guidelines for Non Ontological Resource Reuse and Reengineering • Methodological Guideliness for Ontology Reuse • Creating the Ontology Model

39. Conceptualization: Modular approach for ontology construction Reusability Usability - + Application Domain O. : Job Seeker, Job Offer Domain O.: Economic Activity, Occupation, Education, Skill, Driving License, Compensation, Labour Regulatory, Competence General/Common Ontologies: Time, Geography, Language - + Representation Ontology: WSML

40. The SEEMP Ontology ISCO-88 COM EURES CEF ONET Language Ontology ISO 6392 Skill Ontology Occupation Ontology EURES EURES LE FOREM + BLL + EURES has job category / ISO 3166 is associated with has contract type / is associated to Geography Ontology Labour Regulatory Ontology has language proficiency / belongs to has job category / Is associated with subClass-Of has job category / is associated with has mother tongue / is mother tongue of speaks / is spoken by has work condition / is associated to has contract type / is associated with has location / is associated with Job Offer Ontology Job Seeker Ontology has work condition / is associated with is located in / has nationality from / is nation of Competence Ontology DAML Time Ontology is associated with resides in / is residence of requires competence / is associated with has salary / Time Ontology has date of birth / is date of birth of is associated to has salary / is associated with has education / is education of ISO 4217 Compensation Ontology has begin date / is begin date of has competence / is competence of FOET subClass-Of has activity sector / is associated with Education Ontology ISCED97 has activity sector / is associated with requires education / is associated with Driving License Ontology Economic Activity Ontology has activity sector / is associated with European Legislation Ad hoc wrapper External Sources NACE Rev. 1.1

41. Details of the ontology has education / is education of requires education / is associated with Education has competence / is competence of Language Ontology requires competence / is associated with Competence Competence Ontology has mother language / is mother tongue of Language Education Ontology has work condition / is associated with Work Condition Labour Regulatory Ontology has work condition / is associated to Job Offer Ontology speaks / is spoken by Job Seeker Ontology has contract type / is associated to has contract type / is associated with Contract Type has compensation / is associated with has nationality from / is nation of has location / is location of Compensation Job Seeker Organization Compensation Ontology has compensation / is associated to has candidacy/ belongs to has job vacancy/ belongs to resides in / is residence of Country Geography Ontology has work experience / belongs to Candidacy Job Vacancy Location is located in / is associated with has objective / belongs to has vacancy/ belongs to is associated with / has location has activity sector / is associated with has job category / Offered Work Experience Requested Work Experience Sector is associated with is associated with / requires work experience Objective Vacancy has activity sector / is associated with has activity sector / is associated with subClass-Of subClass-Of Economic Activity Ontology has activity sector / is associated with has job category has job category/ is associated with ICT Objective Computing Professionals ICT Vacancy is associated with has job category / has job category/ is associated with Occupation Ontology subClass-Of is associated with has job category / Occupation is associated with

42. Conclusions • The NeOn methodology leads the way to a new paradigm for ontology development • Guidelines are focused on engineering for software developers • Reuse and reengineering of knowledge aware resources • decreases the time spent in ontology development • eases sharing • improves quality and consensus because agreement was previously reached by domain experts • There are more enabling technologies that support this new paradigm

43. Main References http://www.neon-project.org D5.3.1. NeOn Development Process and Ontology Life Cycle D5.4.1. NeOn Methodology for Building Contextualized Ontology Networks

44. Introduction to the Semantic Web Tutorial Ontological Engineering Asunción Gómez-Pérez (asun@fi.upm.es) Mari Carmen Suárez -Figueroa (mcsuarez@fi.upm.es) Boris Villazón (bvilla@delicias.dia.fi.upm.es) Work distributed under the license Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0