Training Module 1 Integrated Coastal Management and Communication

1. Training Module 1Integrated Coastal Management andCommunication Chapter 2 Environmental Governance and Coastal Municipalities: from Theory to Practice R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

2. Introduction • Environmental governance looks at development through the collaboration governance principle as integrated and harmonised governance of interaction between natural and social environments; • 4P cycle model forms the theoretical basis of environmental governance; the presentation outlines the vertical and horizontal structure of environmental governance and environmental governance dimensions • Coastal zones as vulnerable and densely populated areas are in special need of good environmental governance practice implementation; several examples and studies done on the development of such territories. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

3. Contents • Environmental governance guidelines • Environmental governance cycle • Environmental governance sectors • Environmental governance vertical structure • Environmental governance target groups • Environmental governance dimensions • Environmental governance approaches • Environmental governance monitoring • Collaboration governance– environmental governance paradigm • Integrated coastal zone management • Household environmental management • Climate change adaptation governance for municipalities COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

4. 1. Environmental governance guidelines COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

5. Environmental governance definition Environmental governance is a subsequent cyclic development of environmental problem solutions policy and implementation planning, action programming and implementation of specific projects as a systemic whole, which ensures realization of the key environmental governance functions in national and municipal, household and corporate management, in close co-operation among all governmental, non-governmental and professional interest groups (R. Ernsteins) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

6. Environmental governance concept Environment Nature Society = COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

7. Environmental governance concept COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

8. Environmental governance cycle Source: Ernsteins R. • Key functions in environmental governance: • assessment of specific environmental problems caused through natural and social environment interaction, • alternative solutions planning, • planning of decision implementation and control functions. • environmental governance based on 4P model. • „4P” model consists of four complementary stages: • P1 - Problem analysis, • P2 - Policy definition, • P3 – Planning, • P4 – Programming Plus additionally - project development (P5) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

9. Environmental governance cycle model components P1 Problem analysis : environmental status quo analysis SWOT analysis, internal development potential analysis; P2 Policy definition : values and intentions; policy objective; key policy principles P3 Planning : action directions preconditions; policy implementation instruments; resources required; list of indicators P4: Programming; Project development, proposals (P5) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

10. Actionprogramme structure Environmental Communication Action Programme; Content Structure (Model)* P1 Problem analysis P2 Principles Objective Vision Target groups P3 Tasks P4 Programming policy implementation instruments; Organization, resources provision * Ernsteins R. 2003 Progress assessement Indicators COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

11. Environmental governance: key principles Sustainable development and colaboration principle Collaboration governance principle; Universal paradigmatic principle of integration and systematization. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

12. Environmental governance sectors • Biodiversity • Earth resource and landscape management • Water management • Air and climate protection • Energy management • Waste management • Environmental health • Environmental communication COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

13. 2. Environmental governance cycle COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

14. Environmental governance cycle components P1 Problem analysis:environmental status quo analysis SWOT analysis, internal development potential analysis P2 Policy definition:values and intentions; policy objective; key policy principles P3 Planning:action directions preconditions; policy implementation instruments; resources required; list of indicators P4: Programming Project development, proposals (P5) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

15. P1: Problem analysis 1. Strategic assessment of environmental governance integration into municipal documents 2. Environmental governance target group analysis 3. Environmental governance status quo analysis 4. Environmental governance achievements, problems and development prospects list(incl. SWOT analysis) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

16. P2: Policy definition - values and intentions -policy objective - key policy principles Policy declaration • Development vision is a brief statement of a long-term vision, which shows the particular territory's unique values (RAPLM). • Values related to the planning sector objectives as a framework for key principle and approach selection; • Intentions as a framework for action directions and task formulation; • Correct and precise formulation of objectives is essential. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

17. P2: Policy definition Key policy principles (Latvian Law on Development PlanningSystem): • sustainable development principle — ensure good quality environment and sustainable economic development for present and future generations, rational use of natural, human and material resources, preserve and develop natural and cultural heritage; • interest co-ordination principle — co-ordinate different interests and observe continuity of development planning documents, avoid duplication; • participation principle — all interested persons have the opportunity to participate in the elaboration of development planning documents; • collaboration principle — governmental and municipal institutions co-operate, incl. when implementing tasks set in development planning documents and informing one another on progress in reaching set aims and results; • financial capacity principle — assess existing and envisaged mid-term resources and offer most effective solutions as to financial resources for reaching set objectives; • transparency principle — development planning process is open, and the public is informed on development planning and support measures and their results, observing information availability limitations stipulated under the Law; • monitoring and assessment principle — in development planning and development planning document implementation on all levels of governance, ensure impact assessment, monitoring and review of results achieved; • subsidiary principle — policy is implemented by the governmental or municipal institution closest to service receivers, and effective measures are taken on lowest possible level of governance; • development planning and regulatory document development interlinkage principle — policy is planned before issuing a regulatory document; in developing regulations, development planning documents are taken into account; • sustainable development principle — in policy planning, different levels and stages of separate state territories are balanced out (08.05.2008. Latvian Law on Development Planning System) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

18. P3: Planning Policy development includes: • drafting policy implementation action directions for the full thematic spectrum of the relevant sector; • defining preconditions and resources; • drafting policy implementation instruments and briefly commenting on them; • drafting a list of indicators. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

19. P3: Planning(action directions) • Development of key action directions: • Strategic aim, action direction – a brief sum total of political positions on the desired situation change within a defined time period oriented towards implementing territory development vision and which serves as a basis for defining priorities and measures required. • Action directions– a set of specific measures for reaching mid-term priorities. • Tasks – a set of initiatives and activities for reaching set action directions. These are clearly defined, measurable and controllable. (Source : The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

20. P3: Planning (policy implementation instruments) • Policy implementation instruments : • 5 key environmental management instrument groups: • Policy planning instruments • Institutional and Legal instruments • Economic and Financial instruments • Infrastructural instruments • Communication instruments • followed by instrument examples for environmental communication sector development on municipal level (Source: „Action plan for environmental communication development in Ventspils municipality ” ) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

21. P3: Political and legal instruments International and national • Aarhus Convention • National Development Plan • National Environmental Policy Plan • Latvian Sustainable Development Guidelines • Laws On Environmental Protection, On Municipalities, On Environmental Impact Assessment, On Pollution, Information Transparency Law, Energy Law, etc. and Cabinet regulations Municipal regulations COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

22. P3: Institutional, administrative and planning instruments Institutional/ administrative • Municipal administration’s structural units (Information Dept., Marketing Dept., Environmental Dept., Information Centre etc. • municipal water, energy etc. companies • IT structures (incl. public computer/internet availability) • organizations (incl. NGOs, consultants, scientists involved) Planning • Municipal development programme • Spatial Planning document • Environmental policy plan/ action programme • Municipal sectoral development programmes and strategies COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

23. P3: Economic and financial instruments • Municipal annual budget; • Natural resource tax and environmental protection budget as a separate component in the total municipal budget; • Participation in projects – national and EU-financed • Annual ’’sustainable company’’ prize etc. • Attraction of entrepreneurs and private investors COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

24. P3: Communication instruments: examples from Ventspils • Environmental information: • Informative and educational materials – brochures on certain topics; • Information days in municipal water/energy management companies etc. ; • Popular (simplified) version of municipal Environmental Policy Plan; • Resident Information Centre, hotline, special mailboxes for resident questions etc. • Environmental education: • Blue Flag movement – environmental education activities • Project weeks at schools • Public availability (in libraries etc.) of environmental license applications • Public participation • Media involvement (press releases, events calendar on website, local TV interviews with municipal environmental experts, press conferences, questions-answers section in local newspaper etc.) • Environmentally friendly action: • Administration’s own good example of sustainable resource management COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

25. P3: Colaboration instruments: examples from Ventspils • Environmental Protection Commission at the City Council – with representatives from a wide scope of institutions; • Emergency situations commission; • Working groups on specific issues, with participation of experts from other institutions; • Co-operation projects with schools, companies, other municipalities, international organizations (e.g. Baltic Union of Cities), etc. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

26. P4: Programming and review • Drafting of Action Programme in line with previous 4P environmental management stages; • Action Programme consists of: • Action Programme framework and contents structural proposal – action groups/blocs and target groups are indicated. • Action structurisation in line with selected action directions and prioritization (sequence) • Be specific as to structures/employees responsible, deadlines, financing required and financial sources, target groups and communication instruments to be used COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

27. Action Programme implementation and review In Action Programme implementation: • responsible units, persons, institutions, • internal communication (incl.training) and documentation; • regular monitoring, Action Programme audit and system enhancement; Monitoring system is created to have a framework for assessing territory's development progress and Development Programme implementation progress. (Source:The Ministry of Regional Development and Local Government of the Republic of Latvia) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

28. Action programmes structure COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

29. 3. Environmental governance sectors COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

30. Environmental governance sectors • Biodiversity sector • Land resources management and landscape protection sector • Water management sector • Air protection and climate changes sector • Energy sector • Waste management sector • Environmental health sector • Environmental communication sector COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

31. Biodiversity sector Biodiversitymeans life diversity in a set period oftime. According to biosystems hierarchy, there is 1) genetic 2) species 3) ecosystem; and 4) cultural (sometimes singled out) diversity. BD dimensions(hierarchical levels) Biocultural diversity Ecosystems (ecological, residential) • BD resources: • biological • economic • psychological Species Dabas aizs-ā vispopulārākā dimension BD as central concept for ecotechnology Biodiversity national programme(LR VARAM, 1999) as paradigmatic framework Genetic Source: R.Jūrmalietis COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

32. Land resources management and landscape protection sector Land resources management, in a broader sense, is the implementation of land use planning, as agreed between and with the direct participation of, stakeholders. It is achieved through, among others, political decisions; legal, administrative and institutional execution; demarcation; inspection and control of adherence to the decisions settling of water rights; issuing of concessions for plant and animal extraction (timber, fuel wood, charcoal and peat, non-wood products, hunting); promotion of the role of women and other disadvantaged groups in agriculture and rural development in the area, and the safeguarding of traditional rights of early indigenous peoples (UNECA 2005). Landscape protection means actions to conserve and maintain the significant or characteristic features of a landscape, justified by its heritage value derived from its natural configuration and/or from human activity (European Landscape Convention). "Landscape policy" means an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles, strategies and guidelines that permit the taking of specific measures aimed at the protection, management and planning of landscapes; (European Landscape Convention). COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

33. Water management sector “Water resource management” includes: • management of all types of water management, incl. protection and planning; • application of all possible environmental policy instruments, (i.e. control, monitoring, technologies, planning instruments, strategies,  legal acts, economic instruments,  management administering, financial instruments, environmental education and awareness, environmental communication) • involvement and action on different management levels • co-operation among all possible involved parties/institutions (water management beneficial/managers/ companies, control institutions, municipal administration, co-ordinating institutions on national level), • relevant/characteristic approach application in environmental management guidelines and water management priorities in relation to: water basin management approach, integrated approach, adaptive approach, cycle analysis approach, environmental technologies approach. Source: Benders J. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

34. Air protection and climate change sector • Interdisciplinary sector • aim to reduce exposure to air pollution by reducing emissions and setting limits and target values for air quality, through legislation, through co-operation with sectors responsible for air pollution, through national, regional authorities and non-government organizations and through research. (EEA) • Management processes in climate change context: • to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system (RIO Conv.) • to adapt to climate change Adaptation means anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to prevent or minimize the damage they can cause. Early action will save on damage costs later. Adaptation strategies are needed at all levels of administration, from the local up to the international level. (EEA home page) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

35. Energy sector • Energy sector may be divided in the following components, each having a specific environmental impact: • primary energy resource extraction – linked to biodiversity • primary fuel resource processing – linked to biodiversity • primary energy resource supply to heating energy and electric energy production companies linked to biodiversity, socio-economic development • heating energy and electric energy production companies (thermal power station's boiler houses), • energy transmission and distribution networks (electric energy, heating energy and gas transmission and distribution), • energy end-users (buildings, technological equipment) – linked to housing sector Source: Kudrenickis I. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

36. Waste management sector Source: Arlington Virgina web page Integrated waste management employing several waste control and disposal methods such as source reduction, recycling, re-use, incineration, and land filling, to minimize the environmental impact of commercial and industrial waste streams (Business dictionary). The characteristic activities of waste management include: • collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, • control, monitoring and regulation of the production, collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste, and • prevention of waste production through in—process modifications, reuse and recycling. (Source: OECD Glossary of Environment Statistics, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New York, 1997.) COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

37. Environmental health sector Psychological Also: somatic, biological = mental, e.g.: anorexia nervoza, insomnia, autism = spiritual (ethics), e.g. egocentrism, materialism  Physical e.g. diabetes, asthma, etc. HOLISTIC HEALTH “Health is a condition of full physical, social and mental welfare, and not only lack of (physical) illness or weakness” (PVO) Health in its complex holistic understanding is formed by three interacting dimensions / manifestations: Social Environmental health human health aspects, including life quality, determined by environmental chemical, physical, biological, social and psychological factors (PVO) soc.integration: e.g. problemsof acceptance and written social laws, employment, sense of belonging Culture Source: RJ & R.Birziņa, 1998; RJ, 2009 Source: Jurmalietis R. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

38. Environmental communication sector Environmental communication - a multilateral information exchange andco-operation expansion process, which includes and is based on thefollowing four key elements: • environmental information and • environmental education (target group orientation), • environmental participation and collaboration, • environmentally friendly behavior, required for the successful realization of the problem identification, assessment,decision-making and implementation stages of environmental management. Environmental communication implementation directly dependent on target groupidentification, involvement and collaboration. Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

39. Environmental information Environmental information is a written, visual, audio, electronic or other available information on the condition and interaction of environmental elements required in environmental policy development, implementation and monitoring, environmental decision-making and implementation. Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

40. Environmental education Environmental education is an environmental and human interaction study process and a set of acquired knowledge, understanding, skills and attitudes. Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

41. Public participation Public participation is readiness and involvement of the public in decision-making through forming and defending its opinion, interests and wishes. Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

42. Environmentally friendly behaviour and environmental awareness Environmentally friendly behavior  - motivated action by the public or individual in the professional and everyday realms in problem identification and prevention. Environmental awareness is a set of environmentally friendly attitudes determining individual and public behavioral choices and action in implementing sustainable development principles in everyday activities at home, at work, at leisure and in social activities. Source: Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

43. Subsequent environmental communication process – four-partite cycle model • Source: Ernsteins 2003 COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

44. 4. Environmental governance: verticalstructure COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

45. Vertical integration in environmental governance International National Regional Local Household COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

46. Vertical structure for public environmental governance and stakeholders participation International governance – structure and actors National Governance – structure and actors Regional Governance – structure and actors Local governance – structure and actors Key local stakeholders: Public governance Neighbour municipalities and stakeholders Neighbour municipalities and stakeholders Mediators NGO’s, Media, F/NF Education, Science&Technol.0 Municipalities Business sector Public/Society Source: Ernsteins R. COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

47. 5. Environmental governance targetgroups COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

48. Parties involved – target groups • Public administration sector • Municipal institutions • Residents • Business sector • Mediators: • NGOs • The media • Educators • Science/engineering COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

49. Environmental governance target groups COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska

50. 6. Environmental governance dimensions COBWEB, Interreg IV A, the European Union 2011 University of Latvia, Department of Environmental Management R. Ernšteins, E. Līce, V. Antons, S. Kuršinska