Unit Two

1. Unit Two Federal and State Agencies: Protecting Our Borders Prof Ruth Ronan

2. General Information • Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via email rronan@kaplan.edu, or via aim ronankaplan during office hours Tues 4:00 – 5:00 PM EST & Thurs 4:15 – 5:15PM or by using my virtual office.  If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference. 

3. Welcome • Class will start shortly until then hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates. • During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did see the question. • I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions. • Any Questions before we begin?

4. Federal Agencies • Department of Homeland Security (DHS) • Activated in January 2003 • Directorate for Preparedness • Science and Technology Directorate • Management Directorate • Office of Policy Directorate

5. Homeland Security • Federal Emergency Management Agency • Customs and Border Protection (CBP) • Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) • Office of Investigations • Office of Detention and RemovalOperations • Federal Protective Service • Office of Intelligence

6. Customs & Border Security • Have They Done their job? • Yes with the manpower they have • Have the Mexican Police been effective? • Very little • Tunnels are complex

7. The Dangers • Mexican Officers live in constant fear • Have the Cartels been using ideas from other terrorist groups? • Can they be stopped?

8. Immigration • Is this out of control? • How do you feel about the Arizona Law? • Has the Federal Gov. done their job? • What is a solution? • National Guard?

9. Office of Detention • The Office of Detention and Removal Operations of the U.S. Department of Homeland SecurityBureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement to detain and deport all removable aliens and "suspected terrorists" currently living in the United States by 2012.

10. Office of Detention • Have They Done their job? • To the best of their ability yes. • We cannot deport 12,000,000 people • Gang Members must go & Felons

11. Federal Protective Service • The FPS mission is to render federal properties safe and secure for federal employees, officials and visitors in a professional and cost effective manner by deploying a highly trained and multi-disciplined police force. As the federal agency charged with protecting and delivering integrated law enforcement and security services to facilities owned or leased by the General Services Administration (GSA), FPS employs 1,225 federal staff (including 900 law enforcement security officers, criminal investigators, police officers, and support personnel) and 15,000 contract guard staff to secure over 9,000 buildings and safeguard their occupants

12. Homeland Security • Office of Intelligence and Analysis • Office of Operations Coordination • Domestic Nuclear Detection Office • Transportation Security Administration (TSA) • Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)

13. Domestic Nuclear Detection Office • The Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO) is a jointly staffed office established April 15, 2005 to improve the Nation’s capability to detect and report unauthorized attempts to import, possess, store, develop, or transport nuclear or radiological material for use against the Nation, and to further enhance this capability over time.

14. Can We Prevent a Nuclear Attack • Terrorists are likely to attack the United States using nuclear or biological weapons before 2013. • "The United States should be less concerned that terrorists will become biologists and far more concerned that biologists will become terrorists," the report states.

15. Biological Weapons • Biological weapons are more likely to be obtained and used before nuclear or radioactive weapons because nuclear facilities are more carefully guarded.

16. TSA • TSA) protects the nation's transportation systems to ensure freedom of movement for people and commerce. • Good or Poor Performance?

17. Homeland Security • Citizenship and Immigration Services • The Coast Guard • The Secret Service

18. FBI • Recently, the FBI was given new powers to aid its reform efforts to battle terrorism • Continues to investigate bank robberies, white-collar crimes, and organized crime and drug syndicates • 12,200 agents

19. Department of Justice • Headed by the attorney general • Official legal arm of the government • Serve as this nation’s contact with the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) • 56 field offices, approximately 400 resident agencies, more than 50 foreign liaison posts

20. FBI Top three priority areas 1. To protect the United States from terrorist attack 2. To protect the United States against foreign intelligence operations and espionage 3. To protect the United States against cyber-based attacks and high-technology crimes

21. FBI • National Academy • Local police managers from across the country • Ten Most Wanted Fugitives • National Crime Information Center (NCIC) • Stolen property, missing and wanted persons • Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

22. Uniform Crime Report • Crime data from more than 15,000 state and local police agencies • Eight Part I or Index crimes • Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson • Twenty-one Part II crimes • Crime Clock

23. Uniform Crime Report • Shortcomings of UCR • Does not include crimes not reported to the police • The entire system is voluntary • The reporting system is not uniform

24. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) • Part of the Justice Department • Administers the U. S. Criminal Code provisions concerning alcohol and tobacco smuggling and diversion • Enforces all federal laws relating to firearms, explosives, and arson • Maintains a Bomb and Arson Tracking System

25. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • Began with the passage of the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 • In the 1920s, agents focused on organized gangs of Chinese immigrants suspected of importing opium • Major responsibilities include: • Development of overall federal drug-enforcement strategy

26. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) • Prosecution of suspects for violations of drug-trafficking laws • Full coordination and cooperation with state and local police officials on joint drug-enforcement efforts • Regulation of the legal manufacture of drugs and other controlled substances

27. U. S. Marshals Service (USMS) • One of the oldest law enforcement agencies • Established under the Judiciary Act of 1789 • About 2,650 officers • Pursue and arrest DEA fugitives, escaped federal prisoners, and provide secure environment for federal courts/judges

28. U. S. Marshals Service (USMS) • Virtually every federal law enforcement initiative involves the USMS • Special Operations Group (SOG) • Witness Protection Program

29. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) • Not a law enforcement agency • Participates in undercover and covert operations around the world • Engages in research and development and deploys high technology for intelligence purposes • Responsible to the president

30. Police Role and Accountability in China • Household registration system and extensive surveillance • Keep close contact with community residents • Community policing works well • Comprehensive management • Chinese police have positive public image

31. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) • Main function is the monitoring and collection of federal income taxes • Criminal Investigation Division (CI) • Investigates possible criminal violations of income tax laws and recommends appropriate criminal prosecution whenever warranted

32. Internal Revenue Service (IRS) • IRS agent are armed • They can execute search warrants, make arrests without warrants, and seize property related to violations of the tax laws • Bank Secrecy Act • Enforces wagering tax laws and investigations related to the pornography industry

33. Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) • Established in 1970 and is part of the Treasury Department • Offers law enforcement training for personnel from many federal agencies • Significant surge in hiring by federal agencies after September 11 attacks

34. State Agencies • State bureaus of investigation (SBI) • State’s equivalent to FBI • Usually report to the state’s attorney general • Investigate both criminal and civil cases involving the state and/or municipal jurisdictions

35. State Agencies • Provide technical support to local agencies in the form of lab or record services and may assist in investigating more serious crimes • State police organizations • 42.9% of states use the title State Police • 42.9% of states use either State or Highway Patrol

36. State Police Organizations • Hawaii has no state agency • About 58,000 full-time sworn personnel in 49 state law enforcement agencies • Perform a variety of nontraffic functions • SWAT • Search and Rescue • Drug units

37. State Police Organizations • 28.9% deploy bicycle patrols • 18.4% maintain foot patrols • 18.4% have marine patrols • 51.0% use motorcycle patrols • Data collection for the purpose of identifying, reducing, and preventing any bias-based policing

38. Organizational Communication • Studies have shown that communication is the primary problem in administration • More than 50 percent of a manager’s time is spent communicating • Communication process • Encoding • Experience into symbols

39. Communication within Police Organization Five types of downward communication 1. Job instruction 2. Job rationale 3. Procedures and practice 4. Feedback 5. Indoctrination

40. Communication within Police Organization Obstacles to upward communication 1. Physical distance 2. Complexity of the organization • Horizontal communication • Thrives when formal channels are not open • Usually informal

41. Communication within Police Organization • Grapevine • Fast • Operates mostly at the workplace • Supplements regular formal communication • Can be a tool for management • Written communication

42. Police Agencies as Organizations • Rules and regulations • Specific guidelines with no room for discretion • Is this true? • It is an un-written rule.

43. Local Agencies • Police departments and sheriff’s offices • About 452,000 sworn full-time municipal police officers • About 11.3 percent are women • 23.6 percent racial and ethnic minorities • About 174,000 sworn full-time deputies • About 12.9 percent are women • 18.8 percent racial and ethnic minorities

44. Local Agencies • About three-fourths of all sheriff’s offices operate a jail • More police agencies utilize physical agility tests, psychological evaluations, and provide educational incentive pay • Municipal officers receive about 55 additional hours of initial training

45. Chiefs of Police • Qualifications, selection, and tenure • The size of the agency may dictate the required qualifications for the position of chief of police • It is cheaper to select from within the agency than to recruit an outsider • Significant difference is in educational attainment

46. Sheriffs • Usually an elected position with terms • Tend to be older • Less likely to have been promoted through the ranks of the agency • Less likely to be college graduates compared to police chiefs

47. Middle Managers • Captains and lieutenants • Inspecting assigned operations • Reviewing and making recommendations on reports • Helping to develop plans • Overseeing records and equipment • Overseeing recovered property

48. First-Line Supervisors • Sergeant • Supervising subordinate officers • Disseminating information to subordinates • Reviewing and approving various departmental reports • Answering backup calls

49. Police and Politics • Political exploitation • Historically, police have been political bodies • Partisan politics has often been the cause of police corruption

50. Unit 3 • Attend Seminar • Review Key Terms • Read Chapter 4 & 5 in Policing America • Respond to the discussion board, submit by Jan 4 • Complete and Submit Project 2, due Jan 5 • Take the Quiz