Objectives

2. Objectives • Definitions . • Classification. • Statistics. • Health effects. • Intervention.

3. Definition • Air pollution: is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural characteristics of the atmosphere.

4. By WHO 2000

5. By WHO 2000

6. Indoor air pollution

7. Indoor Environmental Quality," as the name implies, simply refers to the quality of the air in an office , house or other building environment.In poorly ventilated dwellings, indoor smoke can exceed acceptable levels for small particles in outdoor air 100-fold. Indoor air pollution

8. Indoor air Pollutants 1) Combustion Products • More than three billion people worldwide continue to depend on solid fuels, including biomass fuels (wood, dung, agricultural residues.crop waste) and coal, for their energy needs. • Cooking and heating with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves results in high levels of indoor air pollution. • Small particles of less than 10 microns in diameter (PM10), are among the most dangerous. Such pollutants penetrate deep into the lung

9. 2-Volatile Organic Compounds Indoor air Pollutants • At room temperature, volatile organic compounds are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. • VOCs include a variety of chemicals (e.g., formaldehyde, benzene). • A wide array of volatile organics are emitted by products used in home, office school, and arts/crafts and hobby activities.

10. 2-Volatile Organic Compounds Indoor air Pollutants These products, which number in the thousands, include: 1- personal items such as hair sprays 2- dry-cleaning fluids; 3- building materials and home furnishings; 4- office equipment such as some copiers and printers; 5- office products such as correction fluids and carbonless copy paper4 6-graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions.

11. Health impact • (WHO) has revealed indoor air pollution as the 8th most important risk factor and it responsible for 2.7% of the global burden of disease . • Globally, indoor air pollution from solid fuel use is responsible for 1.6 million deaths due to pneumonia, chronic respiratory disease and lung cancer • In high-mortality developing countries, indoor smoke is responsible for an estimated 3.7% of the overall disease burden

12. Classification of health outcomes of indoor air pollution 1)Strong : pneumonia among children under five years and lung cancer 2)Moderate : asthma, cataracts and tuberculosis 3)Tentative (weak) : low birth weight

13. Asbestos Asbestos is used for structural fireproofing in heating systems and acoustic insulation, in floor and ceiling tiles. It was formerly used in such consumer products as fireplace gloves, ironing board covers, and certain hair dryers. • When asbestos-containing material is damaged or disintegrates with age, microscopic fibers may be dispersed into the air. Over as long as twenty, thirty, or more years, the presence of these fibers within the lungs may result in asbestosis (asbestos-caused fibrosis of the lung, seen as a result of heavy occupational exposure), lung cancer and pleural or peritoneal cancer, or mesothelioma. • For lung cancer, the effect of tobacco smoking in combination with asbestos exposure appears to be synergistic by approximately fivefold.

15. Interventions to reduce indoor air pollution plan by who ِA) Interventions on the source of pollution. B) Interventions on living environment. C) Interventions on users’ behaviours.

16. Interventions on the source of pollution 1) Alternative fuels : by switching from solid fuels (biomass, coal) to cleaner fuels e.g(Biogas ,electricity, solar power) 2) Improved stoves

17. Interventions on living environment • Chimneys • Eaves spaces • Enlarged and repositioned windows

18. Interventions on users’ behaviours

19. Smoke-Free Policies Improve Air Quality CDC Studies have shown that smoke-free laws that ban smoking in public places improve air quality and decrease air pollution New York 2004 84% reduction of "respirable suspended particles" Ireland 2007 83%reduction in particulate matter (i.e., fine particles of air pollution) in resturants.

20. Air pollution in Yabad -Jenin • Charcoal is mass-produced in Yabad using pre-industrial techniques. • Charcoal production in this traditional way cause emition of large amounts of smoke to the atmosphere. • Dr. Walid Basha has done a research about charcoal production in Yabad, depending on observation of the surrounding environment , interviews with workers and people live close to the production zone and lab investigation for them.

21. Air pollution in Yabad -Jenin Charcoal production area

22. Air pollution in Yabad -Jenin • Data analysis showed that main problem with the charcoal production is the smoke and the bad odor left by in the nearby resident area plus the environmental side effect with un-negligible unclear health effect. • People living near production area reported that olive and oil production decreased in quantity and quality, given that the flavor of the olive oil affected by the smoke of the charcoal production.

23. Air pollution in Yabad -Jenin • Suggestion to solve the problem : • After contacting an international and local expertise , An improved alternative charcoal production system known as Adam’s retort was recommended. • This new , low-cost technology is more effiecent in charcoal production and cause less air pollution , • Now , charcoal factory owners will test this alternative technology before approving it.

24. Thank you