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The cross-ribbed vaults of the ambulatory.

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The cross-ribbed vaults of the ambulatory.

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  1. Gothic ArchitectureGothic art covers the period from the mid-1100’s to about 1400. The term Gothic originated with Italian Renaissance humanists of the 15th and 16th centuries. It refers to the Germanic Goths who invaded Italy in the A.D. 400’s. Humanists considered medieval art as crude and barbaric, created by the uncivilized Goths. But the truth is: Gothic art has nothing to do with the barbarian Goths. Architects combined many different elements of Romanesque art to create the new Gothic style. It is important to know that during the 12th and 13th centuries the style of architecture was called opus francigenum,” or French work, in recognition of its French origin. The Gothic style is generally characterized by extensive slenderness of the architectural forms. is often identified with such constructional devices as rose/stained-glass windows, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses (brick or stone arched supports built against the outside walls). However, both pointed arches and ribbed vaults were present in the Romanesque style, which thrived during the 1000’s and the early 1100’s. The difference between Romanesque and Gothic styles is the way in which space is conceived. Space in a Romanesque building is achieved by adding bays, unit by unit, to create the total space. This is in part because of square schematism and alternate-support system). But a Gothic building is conceived as a total space that is subdivided into units. The space does not seem as compartmentalized and the nave seems like a more continuous space. A vast hall illuminated and transformed by glowing, mystic light.

  2. The double ambulatory and seven radiating chapels were constructed by Abbot Suger. St. Denis. Each radiating chapel is lit by two large windows whose width take whole span of the piers and they are shallow so that the stained glasses seem a series of diaphanous wall. Abbot Suger said, "lifting the mind from the material to the spiritual.“ Here appeared the House of God Suger imagined and Gothic architecture started.

  3. The cross-ribbed vaults of the ambulatory. Note: Cross rib vault was found in Anglo-Norman Cathedral during eleventh to twelfth century such as Durham (England) and Winchester (England) and abbey church of Lessay (France). One of the firstest appearance of flying buttresses are abbey church of Cluny (about 1130) and the Cathedral of Sens (12c.).

  4. Plans of crypt (top) & choir (bottom) of St.-Denis

  5. Abbey Church, Saint-Denis. Ambulatory and radiating chapels

  6. Monument of Louis XII and Anne of Bretagne1351-1400-MarbleAbbey Church, Saint-Denis

  7. Monument of Louis XII and Anne of Bretagne，1351-1400，MarbleAbbey Church, Saint-Denis

  8. Tomb of Dagobert Ic. 1260. Stone. Abbey Church, Saint-Denis. This is one of the many monuments remade at the order of St Louis. The tomb of Dagobert I (died 638) is heavily restored but the main outlines of it are medieval. It has an interest in that it preserves its original canopy. No other canopies survive, but many of the monuments preserve the tomb-chest.

  9. Abbey Church of St.-Denis, France. It was originated as a small chapel at the graveyard of Saint Denis in 5th century. After 7th, Basilique Saint-Denis became the royal abbey church. The third Basilique Saint-Denis was rebuilt in 775 of Carolingian era. Gothic art had started with Saint-Denis and Cathedral Sens (about 1135-68). Many original forms of the Gothic style is found in Saint-Denis, such as cross rib vault and flying buttresses.Saint-Denis was a beginning of the luminous choir by Suger, symbol of the glace of God. Abbot Suger (1081-1151) began to reconstruct the church in 1137, completed west facade and narthex in the 1140 and completed choir in 1144. He continued to reconstruct the nave but he died in 1151 before finished it. The south tower follows the Romanesque models developed in Normandy. The north tower (before 1129) was removed by Viollet-le-Duc after 1847 because of the differential settlement during the repairing (1836-46).

  10. Exterior: North view.

  11. Abbey Church of St.-Denis, France.

  12. French, Early GothicAbbey Church of St.-Denis: interior, nave facing E. towards apse. begun ca. 1140-1144 A.D. (completed ca. 1231-1281 A.D.) It is said that the nave, including the upper part of the choir and transept, was reconstructed by probably Pierre de Montreuil (about 1200-67) and others (possibly one of those was Jean de Chelles; ?-1270) from 1231 to 1281. Viollet-le-Duc (Eugene Emmanuel, 1814-79) repaired from 1836 to 1846.

  13. 13th Century Nave

  14. Plan of Abbey church, Saint-Denis. 1140-1144

  15. Map of the Town of St. Denis in 1706

  16. Reconstruction of Suger's Church by Dehio Current Floorplan

  17. Nave Elevation，Saint Denis

  18. Nave Elevation Saint Denis

  19. Interior towards West from Crossing St. Denis, North Aisle to West

  20. Glass in Nave, St. Denis South arm of Transept

  21. Sometimes said that the verticality in Gothic architecture means directionality to heaven from on earth and here, in Saint-Denis, the directionality is overlaid recursively. Jesse Trees were common in twelfth and thirteenth century manuscripts, murals, sculpture and stained glass. They represent the genealogy of Christ, since they depict the Virgin Mary as descended from Jesse, the father of King David. St. Denis

  22. Interior-Crypt, St. Denis

  23. Saint-Denis was extremely important because it held the tombs of many French Kings and Queens. These were not only important works of art, but were important symbols of royal power. General Views: (Note that the tombs have been moved several times and tombs from other places have been transported here as well). 

  24. Saint-Denis

  25. Saint-Denis

  26. Construction of a Gothic cathedral

  27. Laon Cathedral, Laon, France. begun c. 1190

  28. Laon Cathedral

  29. Laon Cathedral: W. front, central portal.begun ca. 1190 A.D.

  30. Laon Cathedral: W. front, central portal, detail "Coronation of the Virgin“ tympanum and voussoirs. begun ca. 1190 A.D.

  31. Nave of Laon Cathedral. begun. c. 1190

  32. Laon Cathedral, nave elevation showing clerestory, triforum, gallery, and nave arcade levels. ca. 1160-1205 A.D.

  33. Aerial view of Notre-Dame, Paris

  34. Notre-Dame, Paris. West facade. begun c. 1215

  35. French, High GothicNotre-Dame Cathedral, Paris: exterior, view from SE.. ca. 1163-1250 A.D.

  36. French, High GothicNotre-Dame Cathedral, Paris: exterior, view from SE.. ca. 1163-1250 A.D.

  37. Notre Dame, Parisc. 1163-1250.

  38. Notre-Dame, Paris. View of nave

  39. Notre-Dame, Paris. The Virgin of Paris. early 14th century

  40. Notre-Dame, Paris. Rose Window of the north transcept. 1240-1250

  41. Notre-Dame, Paris. Row of gargoyles, north side

  42. Notre-Dame, Paris. Story of Adam and Eve on main portal

  43. Chartres Cathedral. Aerial viewbegun 1134; rebuilt after 1194 Chartres, France

  44. Chartres Cathedral: exterior, view from SE. showing towers of West front. (begun mid-12th century; N. spire added ca. 1507-1514 A.D.)

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