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UNIT 4

UNIT 4. THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT. 1. CH 5 LIGHT. Define Photosynthesis – What are the raw materials of photosynthesis? What are the end products? Equation (basic) -. 2. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (food)

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UNIT 4

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  1. UNIT 4 THE PLANT ENVIRONMENT 1

  2. CH 5 LIGHT Define Photosynthesis – What are the raw materials of photosynthesis? What are the end products? Equation (basic) - 2

  3. Photosynthesis converts light energy into chemical energy (food) • Photosynthesis uses inorganic molecules & converts them into organic molecules • (Inorganic) H20, CO2, sunlight • (Organic) C6H12O6, ATP 3

  4. Where in the cell does photosynthesis occur?? • ChloroplastsStructures • Chlorophyll - • Thylakoids – • Grana – • Stroma - 4

  5. 2 stages of photosynthesis • Light-dependent Rx - chlorophyll absorbs suns’ energy which strips water of electrons & then boosts electrons to higher energy level • Light-independent Rx - high energy electrons & CO2 are brought together to form a high energy sugar (C6H12O6) 5

  6. 3 Types of Photosynthesis • C3 Photosynthesis - Calvin Benson Cycle * dark reaction, 30% efficient converting CO2 to glucose * occurs in temperate regions, cool season plants * moderate plant yield, high energy use • C4 Photosynthesis * 80% efficient, occurs in tropical zone, warm season plants * high plant yields, less energy use 6

  7. CAM Photosynthesis – • open stoma at night, fix CO2 in dark to form acids, during day acids are broken down & CO2 is used to make food • Arid plants, succulents, cacti • Reduces amount of water loss during day 7

  8. Plant Spacing • Why is optimum spacing of plants required? • What are the results of overcrowding? • Over spaced? 8

  9. Spacing • What are some conditions that occur that affect spacing? • What are some things we must keep in mind with landscape plants & spacing? 9

  10. Etiolation • Define Etiolation – • Define Blanching – • What are some characteristics of etiolation? • What are some natural & man-made methods of blanching? 10

  11. Pigments • Carotenoids – • Cryptochromes & Phototropins – • Phytochromes - 11

  12. Photoperiodism • Define photoperiodism – • Day-neutral plants – • Long-day plants – • Short-day plants – • Alternating-day lengths

  13. Photoperiodism • Other responses to photoperiodism –

  14. Light Quantity • What is Light Compensation? • What is the Light Saturation Point? • What are some characteristics of shade tolerant species?

  15. SUN LEAVES SHADE LEAVES Comparison of Sun & Shade Leaves

  16. What is Leaf Area Index? • Why are researchers trying to increase LAI? • What is acclimating plants? • Why is it important to plants?

  17. Name 3 sources of light & the advantages & disadvantages of each

  18. CH 6 Temperature • What plant characteristics or plant factors are determined by temp?

  19. What is respiration? • Where does it occur? • What is the chemical reaction? • What forms of energy are formed from respiration? • What are the inorganic molecules? • Organic molecules?

  20. What is a temperature coefficient? • Explain how the temperature coefficient works & give an example. • What is the advantage of knowing the relationship between growth rate & temp?

  21. Define Thermoperiodicity – • What is the advantage of this process? • What is DIF? • What is the importance of a positive DIF? • A negative DIF?

  22. When is the most effective time to use DIF? • Define minimum developmental threshold – • Define maximum developmental threshold – • What is the relationship between sugar, starch & temperature? • Why is this relationship important?

  23. What effect does soil temperature have on plant processes? • What is damping off & what causes it? • What effect does watering with cold water have? • What are some ways to adjust soil temperature?

  24. What are some site considerations based on temperature? • Define Vernalization – • What are the three stages induced by vernalization & their effect?

  25. How do horticulturalists use vernalization? • Why isn’t spring bulb production/flowering a vernalization process? • Discuss dormancy and it’s advantage to plants even though environmental conditions are adequate.

  26. Low Temp Effects Discuss 7 effects/avoidances to low temps.

  27. High Temp Effects Discuss 7 effects/avoidances to high temps.

  28. CH 11 PLANT HORMONES • Growth regulating substances produced naturally by the plant or man-made (synthetic) • Usually produced by younger stems & leaves • One concentration can stimulate another can retard growth

  29. Growth Promoting Hormones • Auxins – • Gibberellins – • Cytokinins – • Brassinosteroids -

  30. Auxins Examples of Auxins – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  31. Gibberellins Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  32. Cytokinins Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  33. Brassinosteriods Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  34. Wounding & Stress Hormones • Ethylene – • Abscisic Acid – • Jasmonates -

  35. Ethylene Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  36. Abscisic Acid Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  37. Jasmonates Examples – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  38. CH 12 CHEMICAL CONTROL • Define Endodormancy – • Define Ecodormancy • Define Paradormancy – • Define Thermodormancy -

  39. Apical Dominance • Control of terminal bud by suppressing lateral buds • Apical bud releases auxins & inhibitors • Auxins trigger apical growth & elongation • Inhibitors retard growth of lateral buds • Removing the apical bud encourages lateral growth, short bushy growth

  40. Growth Retardation • What do they cause to happen? • Give some examples of ways plant growth can be retarded?

  41. Growth Stimulants (promotion) • What do they cause to happen? • Give some examples of ways plant growth can be stimulated?

  42. Flowering • What are some environmental factors that affect flowering? • What are some ways to stimulate flowering?

  43. Sex Expression • What are some environmental factors that affect sex? • What are some ways to change the sex of a flower/plant?

  44. Fruiting • What are some environmental factors that affect fruit set & growth? • What are some ways to change fruit set & growth plant?

  45. Abscission & Harvest • Define Abscission – • How can we use abscission aids in horticulture to improve harvest or its results?

  46. Auxins Examples of Auxins – Functions/Activity Sensitivity -

  47. CH 16 PEST MANAGEMENT

  48. PESTS • What is a pest? • Weeds • Insects/Mites/nematodes • Fungi/bacteria/viruses • Snails/slugs • Rodents/birds

  49. Weeds • Undesirable, WHY? • Competition, HOW? • Harbor pests • Eyesore • Cost • Quality/value • Poisonous

  50. Weed Classification • Grassy • Broadleaf • Annual • Biennial • Perennial

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